SEWALl'S 
SKETCHES 

OF 

ST.AUGISTINE. 


/ 


THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 
OF  CALIFORNIA 

LOS  ANGELES 


,'<HA*A^ 


1 


SKETCHES 


ST.    AUGUSTINE. 


WITH    A    VIEW    OF    ITS 


HISTORY  AND  ADVANTAGES 


RESORT  FOR  INVALIDS. 


R.  K.  SEWALL. 


NEW-YORK  : 

PUBLISHED  FOR  THE  AUTHOR  BY 

GEORGE  P.  PUTNAM,  155  BROADWAY. 

1848. 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1848,  by 
GEORGE  P.  PUTNAM, 

in  the  Clerk's  Office  of  the  District  Court  for  the  Southern  District 
of  New-York. 


LEAVITT,    TROW   &   Co., 

Printers  and  Stercotypcrs, 

49  Ann-street,  N.  Y. 


INTRODUCTION. 


THIS  brief  account  of  one  of  the  most  interesting 
r~    towns  in  this  country,  in  many  historical  points  of  view, 

has  been  prepared  to  meet  the  wants  of  those  who  may 
Sjj  desire  to  learn  something  of  the  place  in  view  of  a 
ES  sojourn,  or  who  may  already  have  come  hither  in  search 

of  health. 

The  work  makes  no  pretension  to  fullness  of  detail, 
\Q  nor  to  absolute  perfection  in  any  particular.  It  is 
>  rather  a  glimpse  at,  than  a  full  history  of,  the  place, 

though  it  gives  such  a  connected  view  of  the  course  of 

events,  as  to  satisfy  the  curiosity  of  such  as  come  among 
O  us,  (and  which  every  sojourner  feels  the  want  of,)  so  far 
*j  as  the  lights  we  now  have  can  aid  us  in  a  knowledge 

of  the  past. 

«*i  I   have  availed   myself  of  such  helps,    in  the   few 

il       works   written,    as   I    could    find,  which   speak   of  the 
"*       place. 


461451 


INTRODUCTION. 


But  the  field  of  historical  research  upon  which  I 
have  entered,  I  find  too  extensive  to  be  compressed  in  all 
its  interesting  particulars  into  a  work  of  this  sort.  The 
gleanings,  therefore,  must  for  the  present  suffice. 

THE  AUTHOR. 
St.  Augustine,  June  20,  1848. 


CONTENTS. 


CHAPTER  I. 

PAGE. 

Location — Description — Antiquity — Distant  Appearance — Public 
Places— Public  Works  of  the  City 7 


CHAPTER  II. 

Early  Settlement — Founder — The  Objects  of  his  Voyage  from 
Spain — Character — Entrance  into  the  Harbor — Name — Mas- 
sacre of  the  Huguenot  Protestants — Slaughter  at  Matanzas — 
Drake's  Attack — Indian  Assault — Contribution  laid  on  the 
City  by  Davis,  the  Bucanier — The  Bucaniers — Expedition 
of  Gov.  Moore  of  South  Carolina — Causes  of  the  same — Col. 
Palmer's  Attack — Oglethorp's  Invasion — Minorcan  Inhabi- 
tants— Patriot  War — Purchase  of  Florida  by  the  United 
States — Change  of  Flags — Frost  of  1835 — Orange  Trade 
and  Groves — Fruit  Growing  in  East  Florida — Tropical  Lux- 
uries produced — Inducements  to  Agriculturists  from  the 
North  . 18 

CHAPTER  III. 

Climate  of  Florida — Testimony  of  Physicians — Coast  Climate- 
Its  Advantages— Class  of  Diseases  favorably  affected  by  a 


CONTENTS. 


PAGE. 

Residence  in  the  Climate — St.  Augustine  as  a  Place  of 
Resort  for  Invalids — Accommodations — Society — Tables  of 
Temperature  of  the  Climate,  exhibiting  the  Degree  of 
Changes  during  the  Month  and  Year,  as  compared  with 
Foreign  Places  of  Resort — Customs — Conveyances  to  the 
City 49 


SKETCHES. 


CHAPTER  I. 

LOCATION. 

THIS  city,  the  ancient  metropolis  of  the  Spanish 
Province  of  East  Florida,  is  situated  near  the  Atlantic 
coast,  little  south  of  the  30th  parallel  of  north  latitude. 
The  southenf  point  of  a  narrow  peninsula,  formed  by  the 
confluence  of  the  waters  of  the  St.  Sebastian  River  and 
the  sea,  which  here  is  backed  in  »  behind  Anastatia 
Island,  through  the  inlets  of  North  River  and  Matanzas 
bar,  is  the  site  on  which  the  city  stands. 

The  island,  behind  which  takes  place  an  expansion  of 
these  waters  into  a  beautiful  harbor,  accessible  to  all 
classes  of  vessels  drawing  nine  feet,  which  is  the  depth 
on  the  bar  at  low  water,  is  a  long,  low,  and  narrow  body 
of  sand  and  coquina,  or  shell  rock,  which  is  covered  with 
various  shrubbery  ;  and  though  it  affords  a  barrier  to  the 
surf  of  the  Atlantic,  it  does  not  obstruct  the  cooling  sea- 
breeze,  nor  indeed  a  prospect  of  the  ocean  from  elevated 
stations. 


SKETCHES    OF    ST.    AUGUSTINE. 


PECULIARITIES. 

The  town  is  nearly  surrounded  with  salt  water.  The 
face  of  the  country,  skirting  on  the  seaboard,  from  Cape 
Hatteras  hither,  is  low,  level,  and  sandy.  This  feature 
prevails  southward  to  near  Cape  Florida ;  when  the 
rock-bound  shore,  the  rudiments  of  which  begin  with 
the  coquina  formation  opposite  the  city,  again  is  made 
the  barrier  against  the  encroachments  of  the  sea,  and 
continues  until  it  is  broken  up  among  the  keys  of  the 
Florida  archipelago. 

The  country  around  the  city,  is  a  plain  of  sandy  shell 
soil,  termed  "  pine  barren."  With  this  the  city  is  joined, 
on  the  west,  by  a  substantial  bridge  over  the  St.  Sebastian 
River ;  and  on  the  north,  in  a  neck  of  land  over  a  stone 
causeway.  Egress  at  this  point  is  made  from  the  city 
by  a  thoroughfare,  once  commanded  by  a  fortified  trench 
and  gateway.  On  the  east,  are  the  harbor  and  bay, 
which  open  in  a  beautiful  sheet  of  water,  over  which, 
towering  above  the  sand  hills,  on  the  adjacent  island,  is 
seen  the  light-house,  originally  a  fortified  "  look-out," 
where  the  Spanish  sentry  watched  against  danger. 

The  peninsula  on  which  the  city  stands  is  said  to  have 
been  originally  a  "  shell  hammock."  The  soil  consists 
of  shell  and  sand,  with  an  intermixture  of  vegetable 
mould.  The  surface  has  but  a  slight  elevation  above  the 
level  of  the  surrounding  water.  Both  these  circum- 
stances are  favorable.  In  wet  weather,  the  texture  of 
the  soil  is  favorable  to  a  rapid  extraction  of  the  super- 
abundant moisture  from  the  surface  ;  and  in  dry  weather, 


DESCRIPTION    OF    THE    CITY.  9 

the  slight  elevation  of  the  land  above  the  sea,  enables  it 
to  withstand  drought, — the  waters  percolating  through 
the  soil,  refresh  vegetation. 

These  things  conspire  to  promote  the  health  of  the 
city,  inclosed  as  it  is  by  the  arms  of  the  sea,  to  whose 
salubrious  and  refreshing  breezes  it  is  entirely  open. 

DESCRIPTION    OF    THE    CITY. 

The  city  of  St.  Augustine  is  built  in  the  style  of 
an  ancient  Spanish  military  town.  The  plan  of  the  city 
is  a  parallelogram,  traversed  longitudinally  by  two 
principal  streets  the  whole  length.  These  are  inter- 
sected  at  right  angles,  transversely,  by  several  cross 
streets,  which  divide  the  city  into  squares.  Though  not 
larger  than  many  of  our  New  England  villages,  the  city 
is  nevertheless  regularly  laid  out,  as  it  was  intended  to 
be  compactly  built,  each  square  having  more  or  less 
space,  once  occupied  with  groves  of  the  orange,  which  a 
few  years  since  were  the  glory  and  wealth  of  the  place. 
Indeed,  it  was  once  a  forest  of  sturdy  orange  trees,  in 
whose  rich  foliage  of  deep  green,  variegated  with  golden 
fruit,  the  buildings  of  tho  city  were  embosomed  ;  and 
whose  fragrance  filled  the  body  of  the  surrounding 
atmosphere  so  as  to  attract  the  notice  of  passers  by  on 
the  sea ;  and  whose  delicious  fruit  was  the  great  staple 
of  export. 

The  harbor  fronts  on  the  east,  and  is  furnished  with 
good  wharves.  The  sandy  beach  of  the  St.  Sebastian 
brings  up  the  rear  on  the  west,  affording  space  for  a 
delightful  drive  around  the  city  ;  while  a  once  thrifty 


10  SKETCHES    OF    ST.    AUGUSTINE.  i 

but  now  ruinous  suburb — the  bubble  of  a  speculation 
in  "  morus  multicaulus  "  times — called  the  North  City, 
fills  the  background  on  the  north. 

BUILDINGS. 

The  coquina  rock,  a  concretion  of  sand  and  shell 
formed  on  the  neighboring  sea-beach  on  the  south  side 
of  the  bar  and  on  the  island — the  upper  extremity  of 
which  opens  in  sheets,  ready  for  quarrying,  and  on  which 
quarries  are  now  extensively  worked — is  the  principal 
building  material.  The  streets  are  excessively  narrow, 
and  are  furnished  with  neither  side-walks  nor  pavements. 
The  houses  are  usually  two-story  buildings,  generally 
crowded  into  the  streets ;  and  are  built  without  much 
regard  to  architectural  style  or  ornamental  beauties. 

Not  unfrequently  a  piazza  projects  from  the  base  of 
the  second  story,  which  in  some  cases  is  inclosed  with 
movable  Venetian  shutters,  so  as  to  control  the  draft  of 
air,  and  increase  or  abate  it  at  pleasure. 

These  appendages,  though  they  add  greatly  to  the 
comfort  of  the  occupants,  nevertheless  disfigure  the 
buildings  by  impairing  their  symmetrical  proportions. 
The  piazza,  especially,  awakens  a  sensation  of  peril,  as 
one  passes  for  the  first  time  on  horseback  through  the 
streets,  particularly  if  he  has  been  accustomed  to  the 
broad  thoroughfares  and  elevated  structures  of  a  northern 
Anglo-American  city.  The  contrast  is  great. 


APPEARANCE.  11 


GREAT   ANTIQUITY    OF    THE    CITY. 

In  alf  its  outlines  and  main  features,  this  city  is 
deeply  traced  with  the  furrows  of  age.  It  also  wears  a 
foreign  aspect  to  the  eye  of  an  American.  Ruinous 
buildings,  of  antique  and  foreign  model,  vacant  lots,  bro- 
ken inclosures,  and  a  rough,  tasteless  exterior,  scarred 
by  the  ravages  of  fire  and  time,  awaken  a  sense  of  dis- 
comfort and  desolation  in  the  mind  of  a  stranger. 

APPEARANCE. 

From  the  sea,  as  you  enter  the  inlet  from  the  harbor, 
the  city  presents  a  fine  view.  Any  distant  prospect  is 
decidedly  pleasing.  Its  deformities — the  narrow  streets — 
dilapidated  buildings,  with  their  projecting  piazzas — are 
lost  to  the  eye  in  the  distance  ;  in  which,  also,  unity  of 
effect  is  produced  by  the  regularity  of  the  plan  on  which 
the  city  is  built ;  which  effect  is  heightened  greatly  by 
the  ornamental  trees,  whose  foliage  screens  many  of  the 
houses  —  the  overshadowing  pride  of  India  —  and  the 
vigorous  "  morus  multicaulus."  There  is,  however, 
much  to  relieve  the  first  unfavorable  impressions  of  a 
stranger.  Its  comfortless  appearance  is  the  effect  of  first 
impressions,  which  of  course  are  superficial,  and  often 
delusive.  The  blighted  stocks  of  desolate  orange  groves 
— the  tokens  of  decay — the  obvious  lack  of  industry  and 
taste,  and  the  consequent  want  of  thrift — on  a  close  in- 
spection, are  relieved  by  a  constant  succession  of  images 
of  the  past,  illustrative  of  the  character  of  Caslilian 
mind  in  a  heroic  and  barbarous  age.  Moreover,  there  is 


12  SKETCHES   OF    ST.    AUGUSTINE. 

a  rapid  transition  in  progress.  This  ancient  city  is 
being  transformed  into  American  features,  both  in  its 
external  appearance,  and  in  the  habits  and  customs  of 
the  people. 

Many  of  its  recent  edifices  are  in  the  neat,  attractive 
style  of  American  village  architecture.  Especially  is 
this  the  case  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  Magnolia  House. 

PUBLIC    PLACES. 

The  city  has  a  public  square,  or  inclosed  common. 
In  the  centre,  a  monument  some  sixteen  or  eighteen  feet 
high,  has  been  erected.  It  commemorates  the  giving  of 
a  constitutional  basis  to  the  Spanish  government.  On  its 
fronts,  the  following  Spanish  sentence  is  engraved : — 
"  Plaza  de  la  Constitution." 

The  three  sides  of  this  square,  or  plaza,  are  now 
bounded  by  as  many  streets,  fronting  on  which  are  the 
public  buildings.  The  Government  House,  now  used  as 
a  hall  of  justice,  and  for  public  offices,  stands  on  the 
west  front.  On  the  east,  near  to  the  water,  are  the 
market  buildings.  The  Roman  Catholic  Cathedral,  sur- 
mounted with  the  vertical  section  of  a  bell-shaped  pyra- 
mid, which  supports  a  chime  of  bells,  and  which  termi- 
nates in  a  small  cross,  stands  on  the  north  ;  and  on  thf 
opposite  south  front  is  the  Episcopal  Church,  a  neat,  well- 
proportioned  Gothic  edifice,  having  a  spire  and  bell. 

The  Presbyterian  and  Methodist  Churches,  the  former 
north  and  the  latter  south  from  the  common,  on  the  same 
street,  are  well-built,  substantial  houses  of  worship,  of 


rs 

r-^ 
^ 


- 


1=1 


PUBLIC    WORKS.  13 


simple  Grecian  style  of  architecture  and  neat  American 
finish. 

PUBLIC    WORKS. 

St.  Francis  Barracks,  on  the  southern  extreme  of  the 
city ;  Fort  Marion,  on  the  north,  with  its  water-battery 
and  the  sea-wall,  are  among  the  objects  of  historical  and 
military  interest  within  the  city. 

The  sea-wall  is  erected  of  the  native  coquina  rock. 
The  upper  stratum  is  granite  flagging  stone.  This  im- 
portant work  is  more  than  a  mile  in  extent,  and  of  suffi- 
cient width  for  two  to  walk  on  it  abreast.  As  a  public 
promenade,  as  well  as  a  fortification  against  the  encroach- 
ments  of  the  sea,  it  is  of  great  use ;  and  it  is  also  a  place 
of  universal  and  of  delightful  resort. 

This  wall  incloses  two  beautiful  basins,  furnished  also 
with  stone  steps.  These  are  the  points  of  embarkation 
and  of  debarkation  for  the  numerous  boatmen  who  navi- 
gate the  neighboring  waters  for  pleasure  and  for  profit. 

The  Castle  is  a  fortress  of  great  strength,  covering 
several  acres,  and  built  entirely  of  stone  from  the  neigh- 
boring coquina  quarries,  and  according  to  the  most  ap- 
proved principles  of  military  science.  It  is  said  to  be.a 
"good  specimen  of  military  architecture." 

Its  walls  are  twenty-one  feet  high,  terminating  in 
four  bastioned  angles,  at  the  several  corners,  each  of 
which  is  surmounted  with  towers  corresponding.  "  The 
whole  is  casemated  and  bomb-proof."  This  work  is  in- 
closed in  a  wide  and  deep  ditch,  with  perpendicular  walls 


14  SKETCHES    OF    ST.    AUGUSTINE. 

of  mason-work,  over  which  is  thrown  a  bridge,  originally 
protected  by  a  draw. 

Within  its  massive  walls  are  numerous  cells.  On  the 
north  side,  opposite  the  main  entrance,  is  one  fitted  up  as 
a  Romish  church.  It  has  now  become  converted  into  a 
storehouse  for  military  fixtures.  These  rooms  are  at 
best  dark,  dungeon-like  abodes  ;  and,  by  natural  associa- 
tion, they  revive  the  recollection  of  scenes  characteristic 
of  a  dark  and  cruel  age. 

Some  of  these  gloomy  retreats,  though  like  Bunyan's 
giant  Despair  they  now  can  only  grin  in  ghastly  silence 
at  the  Pilgrim  stranger,  yet  look  as  if  they  were  once 
the  strong-holds  of  despotic  power.  With  this  character 
the  gossip  of  common  fame  also  charges  them. 

The  Castle  commands  the  entrance  to  the  harbor.  Its 
water  battery  is  furnished  with  a  complement  of  Paixhan 
guns  of  heavy  caliber.  These  are  in  a  state  of  readi- 
ness to  be  mounted. 

The  Castle  is  a  place  of  chief  and  universal  attraction 
to  the  curious  stranger.  On  approaching  the  main  en- 
trance, through  the  principal  gateway,  the  first  object  of 
interest  is  a  Spanish  inscription,  engraved  on  'the  solid 
rock  immediately  over  head,  and  under  the  arms  of 
Spain,  and  is  as  follows,  viz.  :*  "  Rcynando  en  Espana 

*  TRANSLATION. — "  Don  Ferdinand  the  Sixth  being  King  of 
Spain,  and  the  Field  Marshal,  Don  Alonzo  Fernandos  de  Herida 
being  Governor  and  Captain  General  of  this  place,  St.  Augustine 
of  Florida  and  its  province,  this  fortress  was  finished  in  the  year 
1756.  The  works  were  directed  by  the  Capt.  Engineer,  Don  Pedro 
de  Brazas  y  Garay." — See  Williamtfs  Hist.  Flor. 


PUBLIC    WORKS.  15 


el  son  Don  Fernando  Sexto  y  Sierdo  Governador  y  Capi- 
tan  General  di  esta  Plaza  de  San  Augustine  de  Florida 
y  su  Provincia  el  Moriscal  de  Campo  Dn.  Alonzo  Fer- 
nandez de  He  rid  a.  se  conduyo  este  Castello  el  ano  de  1756 
dirigendo  las  abras  et  Capitan  ynginero  Don  Pedro  de 
Brazas  y  Garay." 

On  reaching  the  interior  of  the  Fort,  the  several  apart- 
ments may  be  explored,  except  those  where  the  magazine 
is  found,  and  those  which  are  used  as  cells  for  prisoners 
—  the  State  being  permitted  to  confine  its  prisoners 
therein. 

Within  the  bastion  of  the  northeast  angle,  far  under 
ground,  is  a  dark,  dungeon-like  recess,  constructed  of 
solid  mason-work.  Before  entering  here,  the  guide  will 
furnish  himself  with  a  torchlight  of  pitch- wood. 

This  place  was  accidentally  discovered  soon  after  the 
work  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  American  army.  It  was 
then  walled  up,  and  was  not  before  known  to  have  had 
an  existence.  Of  this  concealed  retreat,  Rumor  has 
whispered  strange  things. 

A  human  skeleton,  with  the  fragments  of  a  pair  of 
boots  and  an  empty  mug  for  water,  it  is  alleged  were 
discovered  within.  A.S  to  the  history  of  the  place — 
whether  it  was  once  an  inquisitorial  chamber,  or  the 
scene  of  vengeance,  where  bigotry  invoked  the  secular 
arm  to  silence  heretical  tongues,  and  suppress  heretical 
thoughts;  and  as  to  the  name,  character,  standing,  guilt  or 
innocence,  pleasures  or  pains,  of  the  poor  unfortunate  to 
whom  the  boots  and  bones  belonged,  there  is  silence. 
Either  Fame  has  been  unable  to  catch  the  echo  through 


16  SKETCHES    OF    ST.    AUGUSTINE. 

the  lapse  of  time,  or  shame  bids  her  be  silent,  or  horror 
has  paralyzed  her  tongue. 

By  these,  and  like  rumors,  either  truth  or  fiction  has 
succeeded  in  investing  this  place  with  mysterious  and 
melancholy  interest  to  an  American  citizen. 

The  Barracks  occupy  a  spot  on  which  were  the  ruins 
of  an  ancient  monkish  retreat,  near  the  south  end.  The 
main  building  is  a  substantial  structure,  of  large  dimen- 
sions and  neat  appearance.  The  prospect  from  it,  of  the 
harbor,  bar,  ocean,  and  neighboring  country,  is  delight- 
ful. Its  location  is  one  of  the  most  eligible  in  the  city. 
A  large  space  is  inclosed  in  rear  of  the  main  building,  for 
a  garden ;  the  southern  extremity  of  which  is  occupied 
as  a  military  burial  ground,  where  repose  the  ashes  of 
the  major  part  of  the  regular  force  of  the  United  States, 
who  fell  in  battle  during  the  recent  bloody  Seminole 
war.  Chaste  and  beautiful  monuments  with  appropriate 
inscriptions,  mark  the  spot  where  sleep  the  gory  dead. 

Here,  beneath  two  pyramids,  together  in  one  bed 
repose  the  ashes  of  one  hundred  and  seven  men — the 
gallant  Major  Bade  and  his  intrepid  warriors — a  sacri- 
fice to  the  vengeance  of  the  brave  and  warlike  Seminole, 
who  with  the  Indian  agent  were  the  first  fruits  of 
the  terrible  threat  of  Osceola,  who  having  indignantly 
rejected  all  overtures  on  the  part  of  the  government  to 
leave  the  graves  of  his  fathers,  on  closing  his  intercourse 
with  the  government  agent,  being  refused  the  right  of 
purchasing  powder,  thus  addressed  himself  to  Geu. 
Thompson  :  "  Am  I  a  negro  ?  a  slave  ?  My  skin  is 
dark,  but  not  black.  I  am  an  Indian — a  Seminole.  The 


1 


22 


i 


PUBLIC    WORKS.  17 


white  man  shall  not  make  me  black  !  I  will  make  the 
white  man  red  with  blood ;  and  then  blacken  him  in  the 
sun  and  rain,  where  the  wolf  shall  smell  his  bones,  and 
the  buzzard  live  upon  his  flesh  !"  *  The  extreme  point 
of  the  peninsula,  south,  on  which  the  city  is  located,  is 
occupied  with  the  outlines  of  an  ancient  breastwork,  in  a 
ruinous  condition,  and  the  United  States  Arsenal  build- 
ings. 

On  the  whole,  it  will  be  seen,  from  the  facts  above 
stated,  that  this  city  is  not  without  its  interest  to  the  anti- 
quary and  to  the  historian.  If  not  old  Spain  in  miniature, 
it  is  a  chip  of  the  block  of  the  old  in  the  new  world,  a 
relic  of  the  past  interwoven  with  the  texture  of  the  pre- 
sent age. 

*  Sprague's  Hist.  War  in  Florida. 


18  SKETCHES    OF    ST.    AUGUSTINE. 


CHAPTER  II. 

HISTORY EARLY    SETTLEMENT. 

THIS  city  is  by  forty  years  the  oldest  town  within  the 
limits  of  the  United  States  of  America.  It  was  the 
offspring  of  the  religious  bigotry,  fanaticism,  and  jea- 
lousy, of  a  barbarous  but  heroic  age. 

On  the  8th  of  September,  1565,  at  noonday,  on  the 
celebration  of  a  religious  festival  in  honor  of  Mary,  the 
virgin  goddess  of  Papal  homage  and  superstitious  rever- 
ence, a  creature  of  the  Spanish  government,  Pedro  Me- 
lendez  by  name,  who  had  recently  crossed  from  the  old 
world,  entered  this  harbor,  debarked,  and  taking  formal 
possession  of  the  country,  proclaimed  Philip  II  king  of 
North  America,  had  the  service  of  Mass  performed, 
and  the  foundations  of  the  town  immediately  laid. 

THE    ORIGINAL    FOUNDER. 

Pedro  Melendez  was  a1' man  of  blood.  His  bigotry 
had  been  nourished,  says  the  historian,  in  the  wars 
against  the  Protestants  of  Holland.  He  had  also  acquir- 
ed wealth  and  notoriety  in  the  conquests  of  Spanish 
America. 

But  there  he  had  been  guilty  of  such  excesses,  and 
pursued  a  course  of  such  rapacity,  that  his  conduct  had 


THE    ORIGINAL    FOUNDER.  19 

provoked  inquiry.  It  ended  in  his  arrest  and  conviction. 
The  king  confirmed  sentence  against  him.  To  recover 

o  <J 

the  favor  of  his  sovereign,  retrieve  his  character,  if  not 
to  atone  for  his  crimes,  Melendez  devised  the  scheme  of 
conquering,  colonizing,  and  converting  to  the  faith  of 
Papacy,  the  Province  of  Florida.  He  agreed  also  to 
import  five  hundred  negro  slaves. 

In  the  meanwhile,  a  company  of  French  Huguenots,  in 
their  flight  from  the  bloodhounds  of  persecution,  let  loose 
upon  them  from  the  strong-holds  of  the  Romish  church, 
had  found  an  asylum  in  the  wilds  of  America,  and  as 
they  supposed,  on  the  banks  of  the  St.  John's  River  in 
East  Florida.  Thither  they  had  fled  and  planted  their 
colony.  Amid  the  desert  wilds  and  pestilential  vapors 
of  the  morasses  of  Florida,  they  fondly  hoped  to  enjoy 
"freedom  to  worship  God." 

Delusive  hope  !  Where  could  a  poor  Protestant  hide 
from  the  wrath  of  the  "great  red  Dragon,"  breathing 
out  fire  and  death  to  worry  and  destroy  the  saints, 
if  the  dens  and  caves  of  the  earth  could  afford  him  no 
shelter  in  Europe  ? 

Melendez,  whose  piety  had  been  fed  on  the  blood  of 
Protestants  till  it  had  become  bloated  with  bigotry,  smell- 
ing the  scent  of  prey  from  afar,  "  collected  a  force  of 
more  than  twenty-five  hundred  persons : — soldiers,  sailors, 
priests,  Jesuits,  married  men  with  their  families,  laborers 
and  mechanics."  *  With  this  company  he  embarked, 
net  merely  to  found,  but  to  root  up  and  destroy  a  peace- 

*  Bauer. 


20  SKETCHES    OF    ST.    AUGUSTINE. 

ful  colony,  solely  because  it  was  made  up  of  the  followers 
of  Calvin,  and  not  of  the  Pope  ! 

In  traversing  the  Atlantic  he  encountered  a  storm. 
His  ships  were  by  it  scattered  ;  so  that  only  one  third 
of  the  number  he  embarked  with  from  Spain  reached  the 
coast  of  Florida. 

It  was  on  a  day  consecrated  to  the  memory  of  St. 
Augustine,  a  venerable  and  pious  father  of  the  early 
ages  of  Christianity,  that  he  came  in  sight  of  the  coast 
of  Florida.  Four  days  he  sailed  along  this  coast ;  and 
on  the  fifth  he  landed,  having  discovered  a  fine  haven 
and  harbor. 

TRANSACTIONS  AT  THE  MOUTH  OF  THE  ST.  JOHN'S. 

Learning  from  the  natives,  the  place  where  the  French 
Huguenot  colony  had  established  itself,  and  the  position 
of  Fort  Caroline  on  the  banks  of  the  St.  John's,  and  hav- 
ing named  the  harbor  and  haven  here,  where  he  first  set 
foot  on  shore,  St.  Augustine,  Melendez  immediately 
sailed  northward  in  quest  of  the  infant  Protestant  com- 
munity. 

Landonnier  had  conducted  the  expedition  which  had 
sought  the  shores  of  Florida,  to  find  an  asylum  for  the 
persecuted  Protestants  of  France.  Under  the  patronage 
of  Admiral  Coligni,  he  had  on  the  30th  of  June,  in  1564, 
settled  the  mouth  of  the  River  St.  John's  with  Protestant 
refugees,  and  erected  Fort  Caroline.  This  place  Ribaut 
had  reached  on  a  return  voyage  from  France,  a  few 
days  prior  to  the  appearance  of  Melendez.  Melendez 
purposed  to  seize  by  treachery  the  French  shipping, 


MOUTH    OF    THE    ST.    JOHN'S.  21 

which,  however,  by  suddenly  running  to  sea,  eluded  his 
grasp,  and  was  soon  after  wrecked ;  being  driven  by  a 
storm  on  the  coast  below,  while  menacing  this  place. 

The  appearance  of  the  Spanish  fleet  foreboded  evil. 
The  circumstances  excited  the  fears  of  the  Protestant 
colonists.  They  inquired  the  name  and  objects  of  the 
Spanish  commander.  To  the  deputation  he  answered  : 
"  I  am  Melendez  of  Spain,  sent  with  orders  from  my 
king  to  gibbet  and  behead  all  the  Protestants  in  this 
region.  Frenchmen  who  are  Catholics  I  will  spare — 
every  heretic  shall  die  !"  ll 

Thus  did  he  announce  his  mission  to  be  one  of  blood 
with  unblushing  boldness.  Melendez  now  returned  to 
this  place,  to  prepare  for,  and  put  it  effectually  into  exe- 
cution. Here  his  forces  were  collected,  his  plans  laid: 
and  from  the  newly  laid  foundations  of  this — the  first 
town  within  the  United  States  of  America — even  while 
they  were  wet  in  the  holy  water  of  the  Mother  Church — 
armed  with  the  blessing  of  her  priesthood,  Melendez 
led  a  chosen  band  to  the  execution  of  his  bloody 
mission.  He  marched  through  the  wilderness  with  eight 
days'  provisions,  and  reached  the  forests  and  hammocks 
on  the  banks  of  the  St.  John's  near  to  Fort  Caroline, 
where  the  Protestant  colony  reposed,  unconscious  of  the 
evil  impending.  He  now  prepared  himself  and  his 
followers  for  their  work  of  human  butchery,  "  by  kneel- 
ing  and  praying  for  success."*  All  was  silence,  save 
the  calm  voice  of  nature,  whose  soft  whispers  were 

*  Johnson's  Life  of  General  Green. 


22  SKETCHES    OF    ST.    AUGUSTINE. 

wafted  through  the  branches  of  the  gray  old  trees  and 
sturdy  oaks,  that  stood  round  about  and  cast  their  pro- 
tecting shade  over  the  heads  of  a  peaceful  colony. 
These,  perhaps,  sighed  at  what  they  saw,  and  against 
which  they  could  not  warn.  From  prayers  Melendez 
rose  up  to  the  slaughter.  The  blood  of  the  mother  and 
of  her  innocent  babe  mingled  in  the  same  pool !  Helpless 
woman  and  decrepit  age  bowed  together  in  death  and 
violence !  The  citizen  and  the  soldier  met  the  same 
fate !  A  scene  of  carnage  and  of  cruelty  was  enacted, 
unparalleled  in  the  s.,nnals  of  human  butchery ! 

Some  eighty-six  persons,  whose  only  crime  was  their 
Calvinism,  fell  victims  to  the  barbarity  of  a  savage  Popish 
bigot.  But  few  escaped.  Of  these,  such  as  were  after- 
wards taken  were  hung  on  the  limbs  of  the  next  tree, 
where  their  bodies  became  food  to  hungry  birds  of  prey ; 
and  to  mark  the  spot,  Melendez  erected  a  monument  of 
stone,  on  which  he  engraved,  in  extenuation  of  his  crime, 
"Not  as  Frenchmen,  but  as  heretics."* 

Having  executed  his  avowed  mission  of  death  to  Prot- 
estantism in  Florida,  he  retraced  his  steps  to  the  place 
where  he  had  laid  out  his  new  town,  the  work  of  the 
erection  of  which  he  was  prepared  to  complete  on  the 
foundations  he  had  now  consecrated  with  hands  reeking 
in  Protestant  blood,  as  well  as  with  holy  water.  Here 

*  As  there  are  some  slight  variations  among  historians  in  respect 
to  the  order  of  the  events  in  the  destruction  and  overthrow  of  the 
colony  on  the  St.  John's  and  of  this  massacre,  I  have  inclined  to 
the  numerical  preponderance  of  historical  proof,  inclining  to  Ban- 
croft, reconciling  the  several  particulars. 


MOUTH    OF    THE    ST.    JOHN'S.  23 

"  Melendez  was  hailed  as  a  conqueror  by  a  procession  of 
priests  and  people  who  went  out  to  meet  him."  "  Te 
Deum  was  solemnly  chanted  !"* 

But  the  sacrifice  offered  could  not  satiate  the  thirst  for 
blood  which  inflamed  the  desires  of  this  persecutor,  whose 
life  had  been  steeped  in  atrocities.  Perhaps  he  felt  that 
a  life  of  crime  such  as  his,  could  have  its  guilt  washed 
out  only  in  the  blood  of  poor  innocents,  who  presumed  to 
avow  their  purpose  to  worship  God  according  to  the  dic- 
tates of  their  own  consciences.  The  taste  of  Protestant 
blood  he  had  just  sipped  seemed  but  to  quicken  his  ap- 
petite. 

"  Angry,"  says  Bancroft,  "  that  any  should  have  es- 
caped, the  Spaniards  insulted  the  corpses  of  the  dead 
with  wanton  barbarity;"  and  having  celebrated  mass, 
and  reared  a  cross  on  the  spot,  and  chosen  for  the  site  of 
a  church  the  ground  still  smoking  with  the  blood  of  a 
peaceful  coleny,  Melendez  went  in  pursuit  of  the  ship- 
wrecked fugitives,  who  were  now  the  only  survivors  of 
the  French  Protestant  settlement  in  East  Florida.  They 
had  been  cast  upon  the  sands  south  of  this  city.  In  their 
wandering  along  the  beach,  they  had  reached  the  inlet 
of  the  Matanzas.  Here  they  were  found,  a  company  of 
famished  and  forlorn  men.  To  secure  the  destruction 
of  these  men  more  effectually,  the  cowardly  assassin, 
Melendez,  first  contrived  to  obtain  their  confidence  in  his 
humanity,  a  virtue  of  which  this  creature  in  human 
shape  was  utterly  incapable. 

*  Williams. 


24  SKETCHES    OF    ST.    AUGUSTINE. 

They  surrendered  by  capitulation,  though  a  few,  sus- 
picious of  treachery,  distrusted  the  integrity  of  Melendez, 
and  fled  into  the  interior.  The  major  part  being  secured, 
the  captives,  in  successive  bands,  were  ferried  over  the 
river  and  received  among  the  Spaniards.  On  reaching 
the  opposite  shore,  each  man's  hands  were  pinioned  be- 
hind him  ;  and  thus,  like  sheep  to  the  slaughter,  they 
were  driven  toward  St.  Augustine.  But,  as  the  company 
approached  the  fort,  "  a  signal  was  made."*  Thereupon, 
the  man  in  whose  perfidious  honor  and  humanity  they 
had  confided — (acting,  it  may  be  fairly  presumed,  on 
the  principle  that  no  faith  was  to  be  kept  with  heretics — 
a  principle  worthy  of  the  Romish  church ,  and  which  had 
been  baptized  and  sanctified  in  oceans  of  Protestant 
blood) — this  man,  I  say,  amid  a  flourish  of  trumpets  and 
drums,  cut  the  throats  of  the  whole  company,  not  as 
"  Frenchmen,  but  as  heretics. "f 

Though  the  government  of  France  looked  pn  this 
thrilling  scene  of  horror,  in  the  destruction  of  her  own 
peaceful  subjects,  unmoved,  yet,  adds  the  historian,  "  his- 
tory has  been  more  faithful,  and  has  assisted  humanity  by 
giving  to  the  crime  of  Melendez  an  infamous  notoriety." 

RETRIBUTION. 

The  site  of  the  Huguenot  colony  was  named  Fort  Caro- 
line. De  Gourgas  was  a  Roman  Catholic  and  a  French- 
man. He  had  been  distinguished  in  public  life,  but  had 
retired  to  the  enjoyment  of  his  repose,  when,  on  learning 

*  Bancroft's  Hist.  U.  S.  A.  t  Ibid. 


RETRIBUTION.  25 


the  barbarous  atrocities  with  which  his  countrymen  on 
the  St.  John's  had  been  sacrificed  to  Spanish  bigotry,  he 
emerged  from  private  life — again  buckled  on  his  armor 
for  vengeance.  At  his  own  risk,  he  got  up  and  fitted  out 
an  expedition.  He  sailed  from  France,  with  a  chosen 
band  of  followers,  to  avenge  the  blood  of  his  slaughtered 
countrymen.  Between  the  years  1569  and  '74  he 
reached  the  coast  of  Florida — debarked  his  forces  at  the 
mouth  of  the  St.  John's — carried  several  outworks — and 
finally  inclosed  the  Fort,  now  occupied  by  a  Spanish 
colony.  He  entered  it,  and  the  first  sight  that  greeted  his 
eyes,  was  the  horrible  vision  of  the  skeleton  forms  of  his 
murdered  countrymen,  their  bones  and  sinews  dangling 
from  the  limbs  of  the  surrounding  trees.  Here  too  was 
the  stone  set  up  by  Melendez,  with  its  inscription.  The 
bones  and  relics  of  the  slaughtered  Huguenots  De  Gour- 
gas  ordered  to  be  buried.  He  then  fell  upon  the  Span- 
iards. Hardly  one  escaped  •  and  their  bodies  he  ordered 
to  be  hung  in  the  places  where  those  of  his  countrymen 
had  been  before  suspended,  and  underneath  De  Gourgas 
wrote  this  inscription — "  Not  as  Spaniards,  lut  as  mur- 
derers ."  He  immediately  returned  to  France. 

Thus  the  light  of  Protestantism,  which  had  been  first 
kindled  by  the  fugitive  Huguenots  of  France  on  the 
coast  of  Florida,  in  the  southern  extreme  of  these  United 
States,  was  put  out  in  the  blood  of  those,  who,  as  pioneers, 
were  the  torch-bearers  of  religious  liberty,  which  was  not 
to  be  again  rekindled  until  it  shot  up  from  Puritan  altars, 
and  burst  forth  in  the  frozen  north,  where  it  was  cherished 
and  protected  by  chilling  snows  and  frosts  in  those  wintry 
2 


26  SKETCHES    OF    ST.    AUGUSTINE. 

wilds,  till  it  had  acquired  force  and  intensity  sufficient  to 
spread  its  beams  over  the  whole  land. 

Such  is  the  connection  of  this  city  and  its  founders, 
in  its'  early  history,  with  the  early  Protestant  institutions 
of  the  republic  !  It  can  hardly  be  credible  to  an  Ameri- 
can citizen,  that  there  is  within  the  bounds  of  these  United 
States  a  nook  or  corner  so  dark  and  blood-stained  ! 

Melendez,  for  twelve  years,  presided  over  the  destinies 
of  this  town,  directing  his  attention  mainly  to  the  subjec- 
tion, and  conversion  to  papal  superstitions,  of  the  abori- 
ginal inhabitants,  aided  by  the  Franciscans,  an  order  of 
monks.  Their  missions  were  established  throughout  the 
interior.  An  ancient  monkish  retreat,  occupying  the 
present  site  of  the  United  States  Barracks,  was  the  head- 
quarters of  the  order  in  this  city.  A  number  of  the  mis- 
sionaries, while  on  their  passage  from  Cuba  to  this  place, 
were  wrecked  on  the  bar  at  the  entrance  of  this  harbor, 
and  in  full  view  of  their  convent,  and,  with  the  crew  of 
the  vessel,  were  drowned. 

INCIDENTS    IN    THE    SUBSEQUENT    HISTORY. 

Some  twenty-one  years  had  elapsed  since  the  founding 
of  this  city  and  the  massacre  of  the  neighboring  Protestant 
colony,  when  Drake,  as  he  coasted  along  the  shore,  dis- 
covered the  "  Look-out,"  a  tower  on  the  adjacent  island. 
This  led  him  to  suspect  a  settlement  inland.  He  ordered 
his  boats  to  be  lowered  and  manned,  to  make  a  recon- 
noisance  on  the  shore.  He  landed  on  an  island.  In  the 
exploration  he  perceived,  across  the  water,  a  town  built 
of  wood.  Soon  after,  a  French  fifer  deserted  from  the 


RETRIBUTION.  27 


Spanish  forces — crossed  the  lagoon  in  a  canoe,  playing 
an  English  air,  the  march  of  the  Prince  of  Orange.  This 
circumstance  recommended  him  1o  the  favor  of  the  Eng- 
lish admiral — for  Drake  now  sailed  as  an  admiral  of  the 
royal  navy.  The  Frenchman  described  his  situation  to 
be  that  of  a  captive.  He  probably  told  also  of  the  recent 
massacre,  and  described  its  horrors ;  and  was  himself, 
undoubtedly,  one  of  the  fugitives  from  that  scene,  who 
had  been  spared  for  some  reason. 

Elizabeth  of  England  was  a  Protestant  queen  ;  Drake, 
her  representative,  was  a  Protestant  in  his  sympathies. 
Moreover,  Spain  and  England  were  on  terms  of  hostility 
at  this  time.  His  marine  force  was  disembarked,  under 
the  command  of  Carlisle,  his  subordinate  ;  the  inter- 
vening sound  was  crossed  ;  and,  notwithstanding  the 
greatest  caution  had  been  observed  in  all  these  move- 
ments, the  reconnoitering  officer  was  discovered  by  the 
Spaniards.  A  cannon  was  fired,  and  thereupon  they 
all  fled  to  town.  This  took  place  at  an  outpost.  This 
work  was  immediately  taken  possession  of  by  the  recon- 
noitering party  under  Carlisle.  It  was  a  fort  built  of  tim- 
ber, mounting  fourteen  pieces  of  brass  cannon.  Drake 
then  plundered  the  garrison  of  a  chest  of  silver,  and  next 
day  marched  for  the  town.  As  he  approached,  he  en- 
countered the  Spaniards.  An  action  commenced ;  but 
at  the  first  fire  of  the  invading  force,  the  Spaniards  fled, 
and  the  inhabitants  evacuated  the  town,  which  fell  into 
the  hands  of  Drake,  who  burnt  and  plundered  it ;  and 
then  sailed  for  England,  where  he  arrived  in  July  of  the 
same  year,  1586.* 

*  Family  Library. 


28  SKETCHES    OF    ST.    AUGUSTINE. 

Twenty-five  years*  passed  away  before  any  other  tra- 
gedy was  enacted  within  the  precinct  of  this  then  new 
city.  But  vengeance  did  not  slumber  long.  The  natives 
of  Florida — a  brave,  warlike,  and  cruel,  as  well  as  nu- 
merous band  of  savage  men — assaulted,  captured,  and 
burned  the  city  to  ashes.  The  details  of  this  terrific 
scene  of  savage  barbarity,  and  the  immediate  causes 
thereof,  we  have  not  at  hand. 

1665.  In  a  quarter  of  a  century  more,  Davis,  the 
Bucanier,  discovered  this  Spanish  retreat.  He  entered 
on  a  piratical  expedition  against  it ;  invested  it  with  an 
armed  band  of  freebooters;  captured,  and  plundered  it. 
The  circumstances  of  this  movement,  the  details  of  the 
attack  and  plunder  of  the  town,  are  not  to  be  found. 

THE    BUCANIERS. 

The  Florida  archipelago,  and  the  neighboring  keys 
and  islands  of  the  West  Indian  seas,  have  been  the  resort 
of  freebooters  from  an  early  period.  The  security  they 
afforded,  as  a  place  of  retreat  from  discovery,  gave  these 
points  great  eminence,  as  the  centre  of  operations  for  a 
large,  bold,  and  ruthless  band  of  sea-rovers.  Their  pi- 
ratical expeditions  swarmed  over  the  adjacent  waters,  and 
desolated  the  neighboring  coasts  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico 
and  the  Spanish  West  Indies.  This  brotherhood  of  out- 
laws were  termed  Bucaniers.  They  hailed  from  France, 
England,  and  Holland.  They  led  a  life  of  plunder; 
and  reduced  piracy  to  a  profession,  regulated  by  its  own 
laws  and  customs,  which  had  all  the  force  of  martial  law 
among  themselves. 

»  Cohen. 


THE    BUCANIERS.  29 


The  existence  of  these  desperate  men  as  a  class  was 
owing  to  the  exclusive  and  arbitrary  measures  of  the 
Spanish  government,  through  which,  they  endeavored 
to  secure  and  maintain  the  exclusive  control  of  the  com- 
mercial resources  of  the  New  World. 

In  war,  the  Bucaniers  preyed  on  commerce  as  com- 
missioned privateers  ;  in  peace,  they  resorted  to  hunting 
wild  cattle,  and  contraband  trade  against  the  Spanish. 
Finally,  they  entered  upon  a  course  of  open  piracy  and 
plunder.  They  are  said  to  have  originated  on  this  wise. 
Soon  after  the  Spanish  conquests  on  the  Main  had  secur- 
ed the  fertile  plains  of  Mexico  and  extended  over  it  the 
Spanish  power,  the  island  of  Cuba  was  nearly  depopu- 
lated by  a  tide  of  emigration  setting  into  the  newly 
acquired  territory.  The  emigrants  left  their  cattle  be- 
hind. These,  in  course  of  time,  multiplied  prodigiously. 
The  hills  and  valleys  of  the  island  of  Cuba  were  at 
length  covered  with  herds  of  wild  cattle  ;  and  it  was  soon 
found  profitable  to  hunt  them  for  their  hides  and  tallow 
alone.  The  first  who  engaged  in  this  business  were 
French.  The  distinctive  term  applied  to  these  men,  had 
its  origin  in  their  customs.  Bucanier  is  supposed  to  be 
a  derivative  of  the  Carib  word  "  boucan,"  by  which  the 
Indians  designated  flesh  prepared  for  food  by  its  being 
smoked  and  dried  slowly  in  the  sun.  The  hunters 
prepared  the  flesh  of  the  slaughtered  cattle  for  food  in 
this  way.  From  this  circumstance,  the  term  "  Buca- 
nier "  was  first  applied  to  the  hunters  ;  and  subsequently, 
it  was  used  to  designate  all  such  as  followed  a  contra- 
band trade,  or  were  engaged  in  a  predatory  life  upon 
the  sea  or  shore. 


30  SKETCHES    OF    ST.    AUGUSTINE. 


The  Bucaniers,  at  first,  made  the  island  of  Tortuga 
their  head-quarters.  But  the  settlement  being  obnoxious 
to  the  Spaniards,  they  seized  the  first  opportunity  to 
destroy  it.  This  dispersed  the  company,  who  sought 
other  places  of  refuge  ;  and  from  thence  they  worried 
the  Spanish  settlements,  actuated  by  motives  of  revenge. 
Several  places  and  Spanish  towns  were  compelled  to 
submit  to  the  degradation  of  purchasing  the  forbearance 
of  the  Bucaniers,  by  paying  them  contributions,  equiv- 
alent to  black-mail  levied  by  the  banditti  of  Scotland. 

Being  driven  from  their  original  retreat  on  the  island 
of  Tortuga,  the  Bucaniers  retired  to  the  Keys.  No 
doubt  the  inlets  and  islands  of  the  southern  peninsula 
of  Florida  attracted  their  bands.  Not  only  the  towns 
and  settlements  on  the  Spanish  islands  and  on  the  Main 
became  objects  of  plunder,  but  the  commerce  of  every 
nation  also. 

It  is  not  till  within  a  few  years,  that  the  remnants  of 
this  desperate  class  of  men,  who  have  long  infested  the 
waters  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  West  India  islands, 
have  been  driven  from  their  haunts,  and  hunted  down, 
by  the  American  Navy.  The  Bucanier  was  terrible 
in  his  appearance,  as  well  as  in  his  profession. 

His  dress  consisted  of  a  shirt  dipped  in  the  blood  of 
cattle — trousers  prepared  in  the  same  manner — buskins 
without  stockings — a  cap  with  a  small  front,  and  a  leath- 
ern girdle,  into  which  were  stuck  around  his  body, 
knives,  sabres  and  pistols.  Such  was  the  filthy  and  ter- 
rific garb  of  the  Bucanier  in  full  costume. 

Such  was  Davis,  who  laid  this  city  under  contribution 


CAUSES  OF  BORDER  TROUBLES.  31 

some  eighty  years  after  it  was  founded  by  Melendez.  At 
this  period,  the  Bucaniers  seem  to  have  regarded  the 
whole  Spanish  race  as  their  natural  enemies,  and  their 
commerce  and  their  cities  as  lawful  objects  of  plunder. 

CAUSES    OF    BORDER    TROUBLES. 

At  the  close  of  the  seventeenth  and  in  the  beginning 
of  the  eighteen  century,  the  English  settlements  of  Caro- 
lina had  acquired  permanency  and  importance.  But 
Spain  had  proclaimed  her  exclusive  right  to  American 
possessions.  By  a  permit  from  the  Roman  Pontiff,  she 
had  already  seized  and  subdued  a  greater  part  of  the 
New  World,  and  left  the  prints  of  her  bloody  hand  upon 
the  rights  and  treasures  of  the  aboriginal  inhabitants. 

In  the  face  of  the  civilized  world,  Spain,  then  one  of 
the  richest  and  most  powerful  states  on  earth,  having  as- 
serted a  claim  to  and  planted  her  foot  upon  the  soil  of 
North  America,  how  could  she  forego  the  exclusive  con- 
trol of  the  same  ?  How  could  she  endure  the  presence, 
or  divide  the  occupancy  of  the  soil  with  a  rival  state  ? 
She  had  already  acquired  the  proud  title  in  her  sove- 
reign, of  "  Defender  of  the  Faith,"  for  the  ardor  and 
fidelity  with  which  she  supported  the  arrogant  pretensions 
of  the  See  of  Rome,  having  given  her  strength  to  the 
extension  of  its  interests,  even  to  the  prostitution  of  her 
civil  power  to  ecclesiastical  domination.  How  then  could 
Spain  consent  that  the  Protestant  religion  should  gain  a 
foothold  in  North  America  ?  Had  she  not  already  ex- 
tinguished it  on  the  coasts  of  Florida  ?  Were  not  the 
English  colonies  still  in  their  infancy,  as  well  as  within 


32  SKETCHES    OF    ST.    AUGUSTINE. 

the  reach  of  her  arms  ?  It  required  but  a  single  well 
directed  stroke,  and  the  Anglo-Saxon  race  and  the  hated 
Protestant  faith  would  perish  together. 

We  have  glanced  at  the  barbarous  scenes  with  which 
Spain  opened  her  schemes  of  colonization  in  North 
America.  The  same  malign  purposes  and  bigoted  spirit 
moved  all  her  subsequent  counsels,  and  hung  like  a 
dark  and  portentous  cloud  over  the  future  peace  and 
prosperity  of  her  border  settlements. 

In  her  efforts  to  make  good  her  pretensions,  a  series 
of  petty  jealousies  and  strife  between  the  English  and 
Spanish  races  ensued.  Distrust  and  jealousy  were  fos- 
tered. These  feelings  led  to  mutual  hostile  demonstra- 
tions. Mutual  depredations  were  perpetrated ;  and  thus 
the  seeds  of  open  war  were  sown.  The  struggle  was 
maintained  till  English  blood  and  the  Protestant  faith 
acquired  permanent  ascendency  in  the  Floridas. 

EXPEDITION    OF    GOV.    MOORE. 

The  Spaniards  and  Indians,  stimulated  by  the  bigoted 
and  rapacious  spirit  of  the  mother  country,  perpetrated 
acts  of  wanton  barbarity  on  the  colonial  settlements  of 
Carolina  and  Georgia.  Provoked  to  retaliation  by  these 
depredations,  Governor  Moore,  A.  D.  1702,  projected  an 
invasion  of  Florida,  by  the  forces  of  South  Carolina.  In 
the  month  of  September,  with  an  army  of  twelve  hun- 
dred men,  he  embarked  on  an  expedition  for  the  reduc- 
tion of  St.  Augustine,  which  was  .esteemed  the  centre  of 
the  predatory  operations  against  the  English  settlers. 

Col.  Daniel  was  ordered  to  scour  the  country  inland, 


PALMER'S  EXPEDITION.  33 

and  penetrate  to  the  city  by  the  route  of  the  St.  John's 
River.  An  officer  of  distinguished  military  skill  and 
enterprise,  Col.  Daniel,  with  great  promptitude  and  suc- 
cess, marched  through  the  country,  captured  and  plun- 
dered the  city,  and  shut  its  inhabitants  up  within  the 
walls  of  their  Castle.  Such  was  the  position  of  affairs 
when  Gov.  Moore  reached  the  scene  of  his  military  ope- 
rations before  St.  Augustine.  A  regular  siege  was  ad- 
vised. The  Fort  was  invested.  But  the  artillery  of  the 
besieging  army  was  too  light,  and  no  impression  could 
be  made  on  the  fortified  works. 

Col.  Daniel  was  despatched  to  procure  guns  of  a  larger 
caliber  and  more  effective  powers.  In  the  meanwhile, 
a  Spanish  naval  armament  made  its  appearance  off  the 
coast.  Governor  Moore,  in  a  panic,  appalled  at  this 
demonstration,  raised  the  siege,  abandoned  his  ships  and 
stores,  and  fled  back  to  Carolina  by  the  nearest  inland 
route. 

PALMER'S  EXPEDITION. 

The  original  causes  of  disquietude  were  in  nowise  re- 
moved or  abated.  They  became,  indeed,  more  and  more 
active  and  aggravated,  till  they  ripened  into  further  hos- 
tile demonstrations. 

The  Spanish  charged  the  English  with  intrusion.  The 
grounds  of  complaint  were  mutual. 

The  English,  on  the  other  hand,  charged  the  Spaniards 
with  enticing  away  their  colored  servants,  and  with  ex- 
citing the  Indians  to  murder  and  depopulate  their  frontier 
towns.  The  Spanish  governor  not  only  justified  himself 
2* 


34  SKETCHES    OF    ST.    AUGUSTINE. 

in  these  things,  but  immediately  fitted  out  an  expedition 
from  Augustine  and  marched  into  Georgia,  laying  waste 
the  country,  sparing  neither  age  nor  sex. 

These  provocations  occurred  twenty  years  after  Gov. 
Moore  had  invaded  the  Floridas. 

The  tribe  of  the  Yamasee  Indians  had  been  made  the 
tools  of  Spanish  barbarity  in  their  recent  hostile  opera- 
tions against  the  English  colonies  of  Georgia  and  Caro- 
lina. 

The  intrepid  Col.  Palmer  immediately  raised  a  force 
of  militia  and  friendly  Indians,  with  which  he  marched 
into  Florida  to  retaliate  the  injuries  of  his  countrymen. 
He  pushed  at  once  to  the  very  gates  of  the  city,  laying 
waste  nearly  every  settlement.  The  citizens  fled  and 
entrenched  themselves  within  the  city  fortifications,  leav- 
ing the  poor  natives,  their  allies,  to  the  mercy  of  the  in- 
vaders ;  and  the  power  of  the  Yamasee  tribe  was  broken 
under  the  walls  of  the  city,  being  nearly  all  killed  or 
made  prisoners  by  the  English. 

All  was  destroyed  but  what  lay  within  range  and  pro- 
tection of  the  guns  of  the  Fort. 

The  Georgians,  in  their  fury,  seized  on  the  Papal 
Church  of  "  Nostra  Seniora  de  Lache,"  plundering  and 
burning  it  to  the  ground,  from  which  they  took  the  gold 
and  silver  ornaments  for  booty,  and  also  an  image  baby, 
which  they  found  in  the  arms  of  the  image  of  a  woman, 
the  Virgin  Mary,  with  which  the  church  was  adorned. 

This  place  of  worship  occupied  a  position  a  little  with- 
out the  city  gates.  The  point  of  land  back  from  the  old 
steam  mill  is  alleged  to  have  been  its  site,  the  ruins  of 
which,  it  is  alleged,  are  still  to  be  found  there. 


OGLETHORP'S   INVASION.  35 

Palmer,  with  his  Georgians,  having  taken  ample  ven- 
geance, and  being  unable  to  reduce  the  city  without 
heavier  ordnance  than  he  then  had  at  command,  gath- 
ered all  the  booty  within  his  reach,  which  was  consider- 
able, and  retired  to  Georgia,  leaving  the  Spaniards  to 
obtain  satisfaction  as  best  they  could. 

OGLETHORP'S  INVASION,  A.  D.  1740. 

During  the  next  fifteen  years,  no  considerable  overt 
act  of  hostility  was  perpetrated,  though  the  spirit  and 
embers  of  war  still  glowed  in  the  hearts  of  the  border 
colonists.  The  Georgians  were  still  plundered  of  their 
property.  Their  negroes  were  enticed  and  spirited  away 
into  the  wilds  of  Florida  ;  and  this  was  justified  by  the 
Governor  of  St.  Augustine,  on  the  pretence  that  the 
Spaniards  "  were  bound  in  conscience  to  draw  to  them- 
selves as  many  negroes  as  they  could,  in  order  to  con- 
vert them  to  the  faith  of  the  Roman  Catholic  Church." 
Moreover,  "  a  plot  was  discovered,  which  contemplated 
the  utter  extinction  of  the  English  settlements.  A  Ger- 
man Jesuit — one  Christian  Priben — a  resident  among  the 
Cherokees,  was  the  master  spirit  in  this  conspiracy.  He 
was  taken  by  the  English  traders.  Upon  his  person  was 
found  his  private  journal,  revealing  his  design  to  bring 
about  a  confederation  of  all  the  southern  Indians,  and  to 
effect  a  new  social  and  civil  organization.  He  had  noted 
his  expectations  of  assistance  in  the  execution  of  his  ori- 
ginal design  from  the  French,  and  from  another  nation, 
whose  name  was  left  a  blank.  Among  his  papers  were 
found  letters  for  the  Florida  and  Spanish  governors,  de- 
manding their  protection  and  countenance.  Also,  there 


36  SKETCHES    OF    ST."  AUGUSTINE. 

were  found  among  his  papers  the  plan  and  regulations 
for  a  new  town. 

Many  rights  and  privileges  were  enumerated,  mar- 
riage was  abolished,  a  community  of  women  and  all  kinds 
of  licentiousness  were  to  be  allowed. 

In  addition,  the  Spaniards  had  just  made  an  abortive 
attempt  to  dispossess  the  Georgian  colonists  of  Amelia 
Island. 

At  this  juncture,  Oglethorp  appeared  on  the  stage 
of  action.  He  had  been  recently  appointed  to  the  office 
of  governor  of  the  colony. 

The  salvation  of  the  English  settlements  required 
prompt  and  vigorous  measures. 

Oglethorp  solicited  and  secured  the  co-operation  of 
South  Carolina,  in  a  combined  effort  to  insure  the  safety 
of  the  English  settlement. 

The  invasion  of  Florida,  and  the  reduction  of  St. 
Augustine,  as  the  nest  where  were  hatched  the  broils 
and  perils  of  a  border  serife,  and  from  whence  swarmed 
the  savage  hordes  which  overran  and  devastated  the  land, 
were  determined  upon. 

South  Carolina  promptly  responded  to  the  call  of 
Oglethorp.  Carolina  raised  a  regiment  of  five  hundred 
men,  and  equipped  one  vessel  of  war,  carrying  ten  car- 
riage guns  and  sixteen  swivels,  with  a  crew  of  fifty  men. 
Two  hundred  men  enlisted  as  a  volunteer  force.  In 
addition,  Oglethorp  had  his  own  regiment  of  five  hundred 
men,  two  troops  of  Highland  and  English  rangers,  and 
two  companies  of  Highland  and  English  foot."  *  His 

*  Stephen's  Hist.  Geo.,  art.  in  Southern  Quarterly ;  April  No.  1848. 


OGLETHORP'S    INVASION.  37 

plan  was  to  take  the  city  by  surprise.  This  however 
failed. 

With  a  select  force,  he  entered  East  Florida,  invested 
and  reduced  Fort  Diego,  situated  some  twenty-five  miles 
north  of  St.  Augustine.  Having  left  here  a  garrison 
force,  and  completed  his  arrangements,  he  marched 
direct  for  St.  Augustine  and  occupied  Fort  Mosa.  This 
work  he  destroyed ;  and  then  advanced  to  reconnoitre 
the  city.  The  result  of  the  reconnoisance  was  disheart- 
ening. The  town  was  strongly  fortified.  The  Spanish 
force  within  the  intrenched  city  and  castle,  amounted  to 
seven  hundred  regulars,  two  troops  of  horse,  with  armed 
negroes,  militia,  and  Indians.* 

At  the  outset  an  oversight  had  been  committed,  in  ne- 
glecting to  blockade  the  harbor,  on  account  of  which, 
supplies  were  thrown  into  the  city,  and  additional  means 
of  resistance.  Oglethorp,  however,  soon  afterward  en- 
forced a  blockade.  The  ships  were  moored  across  the 
entrance  of  the  bar  ;  and  lines  of  investment  were  drawn 
around  the  town  on  the  land.  Col.  Palmer,  with  a 
company  of  Highlanders  and  a  small  force  of  Indians, 
occupied  the  old  Fort  Mosa,  with  orders  to  scour  the 
country.  A  small  battery  was  planted  on  Point 
Quartele ;  while  Oglethorp  with  his  own  regiment 
erected  and  occupied  field  works  on  the  northern  ex- 
tremity of  Anastatia  Island,  opposite  the  Castle.  The 
ruins  of  these  works  are  marked  by  a  clump  of  shrubbery 
and  a  slight  elevation  on  the  point. 

*  Spanish  accounts  say  less  than  this. 


461451 


38  SKETCHES   OF   ST.    AUGUSTINE. 

The  arrangements  being  perfected,  a  bombardment  of  ? 
the  town  and  Castle  was  attempted.    Oglethorp  opened  his 
batteries  with  a  hot  fire  of  shell  and  shot,  a  great  number 
of  which  were  thrown  into  the  town.    The  fire  was  return- 
ed with  spirit  from  the  Castle,  and  from  galleys  in  the  har- 
bor ;   but  the  distance  was  too  great  for  either  party  to  do  , 
much  execution.     The  shallow  water  of  the  bar  prevented 
any  co-operation  of  the  English  naval  force  with  that  of 
the  land.    The  fire  of  the  besieging  army  at  length  abated.  , 
A  counsel  of  war  was  held.     In  the  meanwhile  a  sortie  • 
was  made  by  the  besieged ;   and  Col.  Palmer,  with  his  r 
entire  force,  were  surprised  in  sleep,  and  all  cut  off  at  | 
Fort  Mosa.  except  a  few  who  escaped  by  a  small  boat,  ; 
and  crossed  to  Point  Quartele,  where  the  Carolina  regi-  ( 
ment  was  stationed.     The   Indian  allies  soon  grew  im-  . 
patient,  and  left  in  disgust.     The  blockade  of  the  inlet  . 
at  Matanzas  was  raised,  and  provisions  and  other  supplies 
were  thrown  into  the  town,  through  this  approach  to  the  . 
city.     The  English  troops  became  enfeebled  by  disease,  r 
dispirited,  and  filled  with  discontent,  and  many  deserted. . 
The  naval    force   became  short  of  provisions,  and  the . 
hurricane  season  was  at  hand.     Oglethorp  was   taken, 
down  with  fever,  and  the  flux   raged  among  his  troops.  l? 
The  siege  was  thereupon  raised,  and  the  army  withdrawn* 
into   Georgia.      Thus  the  expedition   became   abortive, . 
though  the  face   and  angles  of  the  Castle,  fronting  the^ 
harbor,  bear  the  mark  of  Oglethorp's  storm  of  shot  and, 
shells  to  this  day.  1 

A  counter  invasion  of  Georgia  was  projected  from  this, 
city,  two  years  after.     But  though  the  preparations  were  > 


MINORCAN    POPULATION.  41 

From  the  time  of  the  retrocession  of  the  Floridas,  till 
the  disturbances  growing  out  of  the  late  war  with  Eng- 
land, there  was  a  state  of  comparative  quiet  in  the  border 
settlements.  But  ancient  jealousies  and  the  seeds  of- 
former  dissensions,  differences  of  religion,  and  the  re- 
membrance of  past  injuries,  had  not  been  altogether 
eradicated.  Moreover,  the  occupants  of  lands  on  the 
line  between  the  American  and  Spanish  nations  found 
those  within  the  Spanish  domain  who  strongly  sympa- 
thized with  the  free  and  liberal  spirit  of  American  insti- 
tutions, as  seen  in  contrast  with  the  despotic  features  of  a 
military  government  under  the  control  of  an  intolerant 
and  bigoted  hierarchy. 

A  patriot  war  ensued.*  A  neutral  territory  was 
erected.  Spanish  authority  was  rejected.  Augustine 
was  again  invaded.  But  the  American  government  in- 
terposed, restored  quiet,  and  immediately  entered  upon 
negotiations  with  the  king  of  Spain  for  the  purchase  of 
the  Floridas.  ^. 

These  negotiations  were  at  length  crowned  with  suc- 
cess ;  and  on  the  17th  of  June,  1821,  the  "stars  and 
stripes"  of  the  United  States  of  America  floated  from  the 
Castle,  and  St.  Augustine  became  an  Anglo-American 
town,  under  the  government  of  the  American  general, 
Andrew  Jackson. f  Protected  by  the  shadow  of  the 


*  It  is  more  than  probable  that  the  American  government  con- 
nived at,  if  it  did  not  encourage,  these  transactions. — EDITOR. 

t  It  is  well  known  that  the  Spanish  governor  of  West  Florida 
attempted  to  withhold  from  the  United  States  the  public  papers,  and 


42  SKETCHES    OF    ST.    AUGUSTINE. 

American  eagle,  for  the  first  time,  the  genius  of  the 
American  institutions  called  together  her  sons  and  daugh- 
ters in  the  old  Government  House,  for  the  exercise  of  a 
right  which  had  been  watered  with  Protestant  blood  in 
the  soil  of  Florida  centuries  before — "freedom  to  worship 
God."  On  Friday,  the  llth  of  June,  1824,  was  organ- 
ized the  Presbyterian  church.  Subsequently,  the  Prot- 
estant and  Methodist  Episcopal  churches  were  estab- 
lished. Thus  Protestant  influence  and  institutions  gained 
a  firm  foothold  in  the  ancient  Spanish  capital  of  East 
Florida. 

It  is  related,*  that  immediately  on  the  exchange  of 
flags  a  strange  sight  was  seen  in  the  city.  A  Methodist 

that  Governor  Jackson  was  under  the  necessity  of  resorting  to  com- 
pulsory measures  to  obtain  them. 

The  same  disposition  was  exhibited  by  the  governor  of  the  East. 
Captain  Hanham  had  been  appointed  sheriff  of  East  Florida,  and 
was  dispatched  for  St.  Augustine,  and  required  to  be  there  in  seven- 
teen days.  He  arrived  within  the  given  time,  and  applied  to  Gov- 
ernor Coppinger  for  the  public  records.  The  governor  declined,  and 
gave  him  to  understand  that  he  should  resist  his  authority.  Under- 
standing that  a  vessel  lay  in  the  offing  ready  to  receive  the  papers 
and  -convey  them  to  Cuba,  Hanham  forced  his  way  into  the  govern- 
or's room.  There  he  found  the  papers  nearly  all  packed  in  eleven 
strong  boxes.  He  seized  them  all,  and  delivered  them  over  into  the 
hands  of  the  collector  of  the  United  States.  It  was  afterwards  found 
that  the  papers  thus  rescued  were  of  the  greatest  importance  to  the 
United  States. 

These  summary  proceedings  created  an  excitement  at  the  time, 
which  however  soon  passed  away. 

*  This  was  told  the  author  as  coming  from  the  lips  of  the  man 
who  was  the  subject  of  this  anecdote,  who  still  lives. 


MINORCAN    POPULATION.  43 

itinerant  was  observed,  wending  his  way  from  street  to 
street  and  from  house  to  house  on  a  religious  mission, 
distributing  Protestant  religious  books;  and  otherwise 
intruding  himself  among  the  sons  and  daughters  of  the 
mother  church. 

The  circumstance,  so  unusual,  and  the  great  presump- 
tion of  the  stranger,  of  course  alarmed  the  Romish  eccle- 
siastical authority.  The  priest  could  not  brook  such 
intrusion.  He  went  in  pursuit  of  the  presumptuous  man 
in  black,  and  when  he  had  overtaken  him,  menaced  him 
with  the  indignation  of  his  ghostly  power  if  he  did  not  at 
once  desist. 

The  itinerant  surveyed  him  for  a  moment  in  silence, 
as  if  measuring  with  his  eye  the  capacity  of  his  power, 
and  then,  with  the  most  imperturbable  coolness,  and  an 
impudent  though  significant  movement  of  the  eye,  pointed 
the  wrathy  shadow  of  the  Pope  to  the  "  stars  and  stripes," 
which  now  proudly  floated  over  the  battlements  of  the 
Castle — when  it  vanished,  and  left  the  Methodist  minister 
to  prosecute  his  favorite  work  among  the  people  as  he 
listed. 

This,  undoubtedly,  was  the  first  time  that  prelacy  had 
been  taught  a  lesson  of  forbearance  here,  or  to  consider 
the  nature  of  the  change  which  had  come  over  the  scene 
of  its  former  undisputed  sway,  and  to  understand,  that 
under  the  flag  of  the  United  States  of  America  man  was 
protected  in  the  enjoyment  of  his  high  prerogative — 
"  freedom  to  worship  God." 


44  SKETCHES    OF    ST.    AUGUSTINE. 


DESTRUCTION    OF    THE    ORANGE    GROVES. 

Prior  to  February,  1835,  groves  of  the  sweet  orange 
had  for  many  years,  and  with  great  care,  been  brought 
into  a  thrifty  and  productive  state.  Then  St.  Augustine 
was  one  immense  orange  orchard,  and  appeared,  says  an 
eye-witness,  "  like  a  rustic  village,  with  its  white  houses 
peeping  from  among  the  clustered  boughs  and  golden 
fruit  of  the  favorite  tree,  beneath  whose  shade  the  invalid 
cooled  his  fevered  limbs  and  imbibed  health  from  the 
fragrant  air."  Much  attention  was  given  to  the  rearing 
of  orange  orchards,  and  large  investments  had  been  made 
in  planting  out  nurseries  of  fruit  trees,  which,  indeed, 
could  hardly  supply  the  demand  for  the  young  trees. 

The  season  prior  to  February,  1835,  was  very  pro- 
ductive. Some  of  the  orange  groves  paid  from  one  to 
three  thousand  dollars.  I  have  been  informed,  that  twelve 
years  ago  the  income  to  the  city  was  some  $72,000  per 
annum.  Mature,  thrifty  trees  sometimes  produced  6000 
oranges  ;  and  the  average  product  per  annum  of  a  single 
tree  was  500  oranges. 

In  the  vigor  and  thrift  of  the  orange  business,  the 
annual  export  of  oranges  was  between  2  and  3,000,000 
per  annum  from  this  city. 

The  trade  was  brisk,  and  a  source  of  revenue  and  profit 
to  the  place  of  great  value.  In  the  orange  season,  the 
harbor  was  enlivened  with  a  fleet  of  fruit  vessels,  that 
thronged  the  city  for  the  purchase  and  transportation  of 
oranges  to  the  northern  market. 

But  on  the  night  of  the  fatal  month  of  February,  1835, 


TROPICAL    FRUIT    CULTURE.  45 

a  frost  cut  down  the  entire  species  of  the  orange  tribe, 
some  of  the  trees  rivaling  in  stature  the  sturdy  forest  oak. 
At  one  fell  stroke,  the  labor  and  profit  of  years  of  toil — 
the  inheritance  of  many  generations — the  little  all  of 
many  families,  were  swept  away  !  The  resources  of  the 
city  were  dried  up !  Many  were  hurled  in  a  night  from 
the  seat  of  affluence,  into  the  lap  of  poverty  and  distress  ! 
To  this  day,  the  city  has  not  recovered  from  the  blight 
of  that  dire  stroke.  Shoots  from  the  withered  stocks  of 
the  old  trees  have  indeed  sprung  up,  and  been  struggling 
for  life  ever  since,  but  under  the  pressure  of  disease ; 
and  all  efforts  to  resuscitate  the  tree  have  been  rendered 
abortive  by  the  ravages  of  insignificant  animalculae, 
which  prey  on  the  life  and  vigor  of  the  young  shoots,  and 
perpetuate  the  influence  of  the  frost  of  1835. 

TROPICAL  FRUIT  CULTURE  OF  EAST  FLORIDA. 

There  are  important  facts  relative  to  these  agricultural 
products  and  resources  of  East  Florida,  which  ought  to 
be  better  understood  by  those,  who,  on  account  of  consti- 
tutional delicacy,  consumptive  habits,  or  other  causes,  at 
the  north,  are  disposed  to  seek  other  and  more  congenial 
latitudes.  On  the  east  coast  of  South  Florida  the  lands 
are  productive,  and  healthy  in  location.  On  the  St.  Lu- 
cie  River  and  Sound,  the  banks  are  high  shell  bluff,  and 
exceedingly  fertile  for  high  lands.  Though  north  of  the 
tropical  latitude,  yet  the  climate  is  so  genial,  that  it  nour- 
ishes with  luxuriance,  in  the  open  air,  most  of  the  fruits 
of  tropical  climes.  The  cocoa,  orange,  lemon,  lime, 
guava,  citron,  pine-apple,  banana,  and  other  like  pro- 


46  SKETCHES    OF   ST.    AUGUSTINE. 

ducts,  together  with  the  semi-tropical  fruits,  the  grape, 
fig,  olive,  &c.,  and  garden  vegetables,  the  cabbage,  po- 
tato, beet,  onion,  with  various  species  of  the  melon  kind, 
grow  with  great  luxuriance.  Orange  orchards,  pine- 
apple fields,  banana  and  cocoa-nut  groves,  are  now  in 
process  of  cultivation  by  settlers,  many  of  whom  are 
from  the  north,  and  have  begun  to  clear  their  lands  with- 
in the  last  few  years. 

Industry  and  perseverance  are  the  chief  investments 
of  capital  required,  in  order  to  reap  ample  remuneration. 
Northern  men,  with  their  own  hands,  are  now  thus  en- 
gaged. It  is  no  longer  an  experiment.  On  the  banks  of 
the  Indian  River  and  St.  Lucie  Sound  fruiteries  are  being 
raised.  Fruit  groves  and  cane  fields  are  being  planted, 
which  will  probably  ere  long  furnish  for  northern  mar- 
kets the  delicious  products  of  tropical  climes,  in  a  more 
perfect  condition  and  of  better  quality  than  can  be  else- 
where found. 

The  lands  of  tropical  Florida  on  the  east  coast,  in  the 
region  of  the  Indian  River,  appear  to  be  of  an  older  for- 
mation, and  are  on  a  higher  level  above  the  sea,  than 
those  in  this  neighborhood.  The  landscape  is  finer.  The 
climate  is  more  salubrious.  Its  attractions  for  those  who 
wish  to  make  their  own  labor  their  capital,  from  which 
they  shall  be  enabled  to  draw  a  support  for  themselves 
and  families,  are  great.  The  orange,  pine-apple,  and 
sugar  lands  of  South  Florida  are  worthy  more  attention 
from  agriculturists,  capitalists,  and  emigrants,  than  they 
have  received  ;  and  the  day  is  not  far  distant,  when  their 
rich  resources  will  begin  to  be  developed,  and  will  excite 
interest. 


T.M.  of  J  . 


TROPICAL    FRUIT    CULTURE.  47 

The  orange  culture  has  been  proved  to  be  a  source  of 
great  profit.  It  will  be  again,  whenever  in  this  country 
groves  can  be  reared.  The  culture  of  the  pine-apple 
will  be  found  to  be  of  equal  worth  with  that  of  the 
orange. 

The  pine  is  said  to  mature  its  fruit  from  the  slips, 
when  they  are  well  set  out,  in  about  eighteen  months, 
and  their  stocks  will  continue  to  bear  for  several  years. 
One  acre  of  land  will  produce  some  40,000  pines,  and 
the  sale  of  this  fruit  is  made  in  market  at  say  from  ten  to 
eighteen  dollars  per  hundred. 

Moreover,  the  fruit  from  the  pine  plants  of  South  Flo- 
rida need  not  be  plucked  till  it  has  matured  on  its  stock. 
It  will  therefore  come  into  market  in  a  more  mature  con- 
dition, and  of  finer  flavor  than  any  that  can  elsewhere 
be  grown.  It  will  bring  the  highest  market  prices  ;  and 
the  fruit  of  this  kind  that  has  already  been  grown,  by 
competent  judges  is  said  to  be  of  the  best  quality. 

The  lands  which  are  adapted  to  this  culture  are,  in- 
deed, of  limited  extent;  but  there  are  sufficient  to  sup- 
ply the  home  market. 

These  facts,  together  with  the  salubrity  of  the  fruit- 
growing region,  must  ere  long  attract  attention  from  the 
public.  Thousands,  in  that  mild  and  equable  climate, 
might  there  live  and  labor,  and  enjoy  a  ripe  old  age,  who 
must  soon  die,  amid  the  vicissitudes  of  the  climate  in 
the  north. 

Admitting  that  the  pine-apple,  on  account  of  risks  in 
transportation  and  cost  in  getting  to  market,  should  be 
worth  only  about  one-half  the  market  price  in  the  field, 


48  SKETCHES    OF    ST.    AUGUSTINE. 

yet  an  acre  of  thrifty,  well  cultivated  pines  will  yield 
from  $1500  to  $2000  per  annum.  At  five  cents  each, 
the  product  of  an  acre  of  pine-fruit  would  be  $2000. 

These  calculations  show  the  great  value  of  the  pine 
lands  and  other  fruit  soil  of  Tropical  Florida.  These 
facts  have  but  to  be  known,  to  be  understood  and  appre- 
ciated. They  indicate  the  great  resources  of  South 
Florida,  in  the  soil  of  its  tropical  fruit  lands,  which  is  a 
region  of  country  lying  some  forty  miles  south  of  Cape 
Carnavaral. 


ADVANTAGES    OF    CLIMATE.  49 


CHAPTER  III. 

ST.  AUGUSTINE  AS  A  PLACE  OF  RESORT  FOR  INVALIDS. 

ADVANTAGES    OF    CLIMATE. 

THIS  city  enjoys  many  advantages  in  respect  to  climate, 
which  are  peculiar.  The  same  may  be  true  of  the  cli- 
mate of  the  Florida  peninsula  in  general.  An  intelligent 
correspondent  of  the  Army  and  Navy  Chronicle,  in  an 
interesting  article,  thus  writes  of  the  climate  of  Florida : 

"  Florida,  from  its  position,  lying  just  north  of  the 
Tropic  of  Cancer,  and  being  nearly  surrounded  by  water, 
would  be  judged  to  possess  one  of  the  blandest  and  most 
equable  climates  in  the  world.  And  such,  in  fact,  for 
several  months  in  the  year,  is  found  to  be  the  case. 

"  In  the  interior  and  upper  portions,  the  variations  in  the 
annual  temperature  are  considerable — 80  and  90  degrees. 
The  diurnal  variations  are  considerable.  On  the  sea- 
coast  and  in  the  lower  part  of  the  territory,  where  regular 
trade-winds  prevail,  the  temperature  is  so  much  less  va- 
riable, that  the  islands  about  capes  Florida  and  Sable  are 
in  this  respect  unexcelled  perhaps  by  any  other  region 
of  the  globe." 

Dr.  Forry,*  U.  S.  A.,  thus  writes  of  the  climate  of 
this  region  : — "  Among  the  various  systems  of  climate 

*  Author  of  a  standard  work  on  climate,  and  of  the  highest  pro- 
fessional authority. 


50  SKETCHES    OF    ST.    AUGUSTINE. 

presented  in  the  United  States,  that  of  the  peninsula  of 
Florida  is  wholly  peculiar.  Possessing  an  insular  tem- 
perature, not  less  equable  and  salubrious  in  winter  than 
that  afforded  by  the  south  of  Europe,  it  will  be  seen  that 
invalids  requiring  a  mild  winter  residence,  have  gone  to 
foreign  lands  in  search  of  what  might  have  been  found 
at  home.  Florida  therefore  merits  the  attention  of  phy- 
sicians at  the  north  ;  for  here  the  pulmonary  invalid  may 
exchange  for  the  inclement  seasons  of  the  north,  or  the 
deteriorated  atmosphere  of  a  room  to  which  he  may  be 
confined,  the  mild,  equable  temperature,  the  soft,  balmy 
breezes  of  an  evergreen  land." 

"  For  many  years,"  says  Dr.  Wardeman,  "  afflicted 
with  phthisis,  and  compelled  to  pass  the  last  seven  win- 
ters in  the  West  Indies  and  the  southern  parts  of  Florida, 
we  have  been  necessarily  placed  in  communication  with 
numerous  invalids  similarly  affected,  many  of  whom 
were  under  our  professional  care  ;  and  from  personal 
experience  and  the  observation  of  others,  we  have  had 
ample  opportunities  for  comparing  the  effects  of  different 
climates  on  the  disease.  Premising  that  we  have  passed 
five  winters  in  Cuba,  one  at  Key  West,  and  one  at  Enter- 
prise, East  Florida.  Florida  has  the  advantage  over 
Italy,  in  having  no  mountain  ranges  covered  during  win- 
ter with  snows  ;  the  cold  blasts  from  the  Apennines  and 
the  Jura  mountains,  rendering  a  large  portion  of  Italy 
and  southern  France  unfit  for  invalids  unable  to  bear  a 
sudden  and  great  increase  of  temperature." 

Dr.  Bernard  Byrne  thus  writes  of  the  climate  of  Flo- 
rida (see  the  National  Intelligencer  of  May  18th,  1843)  : 


ADVANTAGES    OF    CLIMATE.  51 

"  Taking  it  the  year  round,  the  climate  of  East  Florida 
is  much  more  agreeable  than  any  other  in  the  United 
States,  or  even  than  that  of  Italy.  In  the  southern  por- 
tion of  the  peninsula  frost  is  never  (rarely)  felt ;  even  so 
far  north  as  the  Suwanee  River,  there  are  generally  but 
three  or  four  nights  in  a.  whole  winter  that  ice  as  thick 
as  a  quarter  of  a  dollar  is  formed.  The  winter  weather 
is  delightful  in  East  Florida,  beyond  description.  It  very 
much  resembles  that  season  which  in  the  Middle  States  is 
termed  "  Indian  Summer ;"  except  that  in  Florida  the 
sky  is  perfectly  clear,  and  the  atmosphere  more  dry  and 
elastic. 

We  now  will  consider  the  climate  of  St.  Augustine 
in  particular.  There  is  circulated  a  sentiment  prejudi- 
cial to  the  virtue  of  the  climate  of  St.  Augustine,  as  a 
resort  for  invalids  in  search  of  health.  This  may  be  all 
very  natural,  when  the  interest  north  of  this  city,  served 
by  the  traveling  public,  is  considered  ;  but  it  is  not  just. 
Experience  usually  contradicts  this  sentiment.  It  is  en- 
countered under  various  exaggerated  forms  of  statement, 
all  along  the  southern  inland  route.  In  the  face  of  de- 
clarations designed  to  forestall  opinion  against  the  place, 
however,  many  have  persevered,  and  found  experience 
the  wisest  counselor. 

Says  a  correspondent  to  the  Florida  Herald,  1848  :  "  I 
have  occasionally  been  in  the  interior.  In  every  instance, 
however,  I  have  found  the  climate  of  this  city  preferable 
on  the  whole.  The  same  is  true  of  every  place  I  have 
visited  south,  if  I  except  the  climate  of  south  or  tropical 
FldVida,  which  I  believe  to  be  without  a  parallel." 


52  SKETCHES    OF    ST.    AUGUSTINE. 

These  remarks  on  the  nature  of  the  climate,  exhibiting 
its  advantages,  are  founded. on  the  experience  and  obser- 
vation of  individuals  who  have  thoroughly  tested  its  vir- 
tues, and  who  were  capable  of  forming  and  of  expressing 
an  intelligent  opinion — many  of  these  writers  being  called, 
in  the  course  of  professional  duty,  to  analyze  and  study 
the  nature  and  effects  of  climate. 

Let  me  suggest  certain  peculiarities,  which  impart  to 
the  climate  of  St.  Augustine  peculiar  advantages  over 
any  interior  or  more  northern  locality,  and  which  are 
properties  peculiarly  favorable  to  a  restoration  of  im- 
paired health. 

During  the  winter  months,  the  extremes  of  temperature, 
though  the  transitions  are  somewhat  more  sudden,  are 
nevertheless  not  so  great  here  as  in  the  interior.  This 
peculiarity  follows  a  law  of  climate,  which,  both  north  and 
south,  causes  it  to  be  warmer  in  ifie  neighborhood  of  the 
sea  in  winter,  than  in  regions  remote  therefrom.  It  is 
also  cooler  in  summer. 

The  east  winds  here  are  far  different  from  the  east 
winds  at  the  north.  Though  somewhat  raw  and  gusty, 
they  are  nevertheless  shorn  of  their  intensity,  and  greatly 
modified,  in  their  passage  across  and  along  the  Gulf 
stream.  They  thus  lose  very  much  of  their  asperity, 
and  would  hardly  be  recognized  by  a  New  Englander, 
being  usually  unattended  with  rain.  In  summer,  the 
air  is  neither  so  hot  nor  as  sultry  as  it  is  inland,  where 
respiration  is  attended  with  a  suffocating  sensation.  The 
atmosphere  of  the  sea-coast  is  not  so  highly  rarefied.  The 
process  of  evaporation,  which  is  perpetually  going  on, 


ADVANTAGES    OF    CLIMATE.  53 

tends  to  equalize  temperature,  and  so  to  adapt  the  atmos- 
phere to  the  action  of  the  respiratory  organs,  that  one 
breathes  freely  and  easily.  By  the  same  process,  the 
intensity  of  the  heat  is  greatly  abated.  The  afternoons 
and  evenings  are  invariably  cool  and  refreshing. 

The  atmosphere  exhilarates.  On  one's  energies  and 
spirits,  it  acts  as  a  stimulus,  so  that  one  does  not  suffer 
from  lassitude  here,  as  is  usual  at  the  north.  The  nights 
are  refreshing  in  the  hottest  season.  This  remark  is 
true,  I  believe,  only  of  the  atmosphere  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  the  sea,  amid  the  coast  climate.  Indeed,  the 
whole  body  of  the  atmosphere  on  the  coast  is  more  pure 
and  healthful  than  in  the  interior ;  and  is  believed  also 
to  be  medicinal  in  its  effects.  The  various  chemical  in- 
gredients of  the  atmosphere  on  the  coast,  are  powerful 
disinfecting  agents,  which  are  perpetually  elaborated, 
from  the  prodigious  evaporation  and  other  chemical  com- 
binations of  the  mineral  waters  of  the  sea,  whose  grand 
elements  are  soda  and  chlorine.  These  impart  to  the 
atmosphere  healing  power  and  medicinal  virtue.  The 
sea  and  the  sun  are  laboratories  of  healthful  energy  and 
influence,  which  are  projected  into  this  atmosphere  from 
natural  resources,  and  which  are  taken  into  the  system 
by  the  ordinary  process  of  respiration.  For  these  reasons, 
invalids  have  often  experienced  as  great,  if  not  greater 
benefit,  from  a  summer  residence  here,  than  from  a  win- 
ter sojourn.  Disease,  taken  in  its  incipient  stages,  may 
be  eradicated,  under  the  influence  of  the  climate  alone, 
aided  by  the  "  vis  medicatrix  natura."  Air  and  exercise 
are  the  chief  medicines  required. 


54  SKETCHES    OF    ST.    AUGUSTINE. 


CLASS    OF    DISEASES     REACHED    AND    FAVORABLY    AFFECTED 
BY    THIS    CLIMATE. 

In  relation  to  this  interesting  point  of  inquiry,  the 
opinions  and  reasoning  of  Dr.  Samuel  Forry  (in  the 
Journal  of  Medical  Science,  in  the  year  1841)  are  full 
and  explicit.  Bronchitis. — "  The  advantage  of  a  winter 
residence  in  a  more  southern  latitude,  as  respects  this 
disease,  becomes  at  once  apparent. 

"  If  the  invalid  can  avoid  the  transition  of  the  seasons, 
that  meteorological  condition  of  the  atmosphere  which 
stands  first  among  the  causes  that  induce  catarrhal 
lesions,  he  will  do  much  towards  controlling  the  malady. 

"As  regards  the  change  of  climate,  it  will  be  observed 
that  in  the  advantages  enumerated,  reference  is  made 
only  to  chronic  bronchitis. 

"  The  climate  of  Florida  has  been  found  beneficial  in 
cases  of  incipient  pulmonary  consumption,  and  those 
threatened  with  disease  from  hereditary  or  acquired 
indisposition.  It  is  in  chronic  bronchial  affections  more 
particularly  that  it  speedily  manifests  its  salutary  tend- 
ency. 

"  But  there  are  other  forms  of  disease,  in  which  such  a 
climate  as  that  of  East  Florida  is  not  unfrequently  of 
decided  advantage.  To  this  class  belongs  asthma. 

"  In  chronic  disorders  of  the  digestive  organs,  where  no 
inflammation  exists,  or  structural  changes  have  superven- 
ed in  viscera  important  to  life,  but  the  indication  is  merely 
to  remove  disease  of  a  functional  character,  a  winter's 
residence  promises  great  benefit ;  but  exercise  in  the 


DISEASES    AFFECTED    BY    THE    CLIMATE.  55 

open  air,  aided  by  a  proper  regimen,  are  indispensable 
adjuncts. 

"  In  many  of  those  obscure  affections  called  nervous, 
unconnected  with  inflammation,  exercise  and  traveling  in 
this  climate,  are  frequently  powerful  and  efficient  re- 
medies. 

"  Chronic  rheumatism,  though  apparently  much  less 
under  the  influence  of  meteorological  causes  than  pulmo- 
nic  affections,  will  be  often  benefited  by  a  winter  residence 
in  Florida.  As  these  cases  often  resist  the  best  directed 
efforts  of  medicines,  it  is  the  only  remedy  which  the 
northern  physician  can  recommend  with  a  reasonable 
prospect  of  success. 

"  When  there  exists  a  general  delicacy  of  the  constitu- 
tion in  childhood,  often  the  rubeola,  or  scarlatina  mani- 
festing itself  by  symptoms  indicative  of  a  scrofulous 
disposition,  a  winter  residence  in  a  warm  climate 
frequently  produces  the  most  salutary  effects. 

"  Another  form  of  disease  remains  to  be  alluded  to,  in 
which  change  of  climate  promises  healing  power,  viz. : 
premature  decay  of  the  constitution,  characterized  by 
general  evidence  of  deteriorated  health,  whilst  some 
tissue  or  organ  important  to  life  commonly  mani- 
fests symptoms  of  abnormal  action.  This  remarkable 
change  occurs  without  any  obvious  cause,  and  is 
not  unappropriately  termed  in  common  parlance,  '  a 
breaking  up  of  the  constitution.'  In  treating  of  the 
climate  of  Florida,  the  primary  object  held  in  view,  is  to 
direct  attention  to  its  fitness  as  a  winter  residence  for 
northern  invalids. 


56  SKETCHES    OF    ST.    AUGUSTINE. 

"  A  comparison  with  the  most  favored  situation  on  the 
continent  of  Europe  and  the  islands  held  in  the  highest 
estimation  for  mildness  and  equability  of  climate,  affords 
results  in  no  way  disparaging.  A  comparison  of  the 
mean  temperature  of  winter  and  summer,  that  of  the 
coldest  and  warmest  months  and  seasons,  furnishes 
results  generally  in  favor  of  the  Peninsula  of  Florida. 

"  On  the  coast  of  Florida,  the  average  number  of  fair 
days,  is  about  250 ;  while  in  the  Northern  States,  the 
average  number  of  fair  days  per  annum,  is  about  120. 
Though  climate  is  one  of  the  most  powerful  remedial 
agents,  and  one,  too,  which  in  many  cases  will  admit  no 
substitute,  yet  much  permanent  advantage  will  not  result, 
either  from  traveling  or  change  of  climate,  unless  the 
invalid  adheres  strictly  to  such  regimen  as  his  case  may 
require. 

"The  attention  of  many  persons  suffering  with  pul- 
monary diseases  having  been  directed  to  the  southern 
section  of  the  United  States,  as  a  temporary  residence  for 
the  benefit  of  their  health,  and  there  being  much  diversity 
of  sentiment  as  to  the  location  most  proper  for  attaining 
this  desirable  end,  I  propose  to  offer  to  the  public  some 
facts  derived  from  personal  observation.  Having  in  the 
early  part  of  last  year  been  the  subject  of  an  attack,  that 
threatened  a  rapid  termination  in  consumption,  the 
unanimous  opinions  of  several  of  my  medical  friends 
concurred  with  my  own  judgment,  to  induce  me  to  avoid 
the  vicissitudes  of  the  approaching  winter  in  our  varying 
climate ;  and  I  felt  compelled  to  make  an  effort, 
which  to  every  appearance  was  to  decide  the  event  of 
my  disease. 


DISEASES    AFFECTED    BY    THE    CLIMATE.  57 

"  St.  Augustine  in  East  Florida,  was  the  place  to  which 
my  views  had  been  directed,  and  I  arrived  there  soon 
after  the  commencement  of  the  present  year.  A  few 
days'  residence  convinced  me  of  the  efficacy  of  the 
climate  in  promoting  my  own  health ;  and  from  the 
observations  I  was  continually  enabled  to  make,  in  re- 
ference to  the  invalids  who  had  resorted  there,  from 
motives  similar  to  my  own,  I  became  assured  of  the  ex- 
cellent effects  of  the  climate  :  and  am  fully  satisfied,  that 
although  prudence  would  have  dictated  a  removal  two 
months  earlier  in  the  season,  the  present  great  improve- 
ment of  my  health  is  to  be  attributed  almost  wholly  to 
having  substituted  for  the  variations  of  our  own  latitude, 
the  mildness  of  that  favored  region.  St.  Augustine  is  the 
most  southern  location  *  on  our  extensive  seaboard  to 
which  a  valetudinarian  can  resort,  with  any  prospect  of 
obtaining  the  attentions  and  comforts  requisite  for  the 
improvement  of  health. 

"  The  climate  of  St.  Augustine,  seems  peculiarly 
adapted  to  the  improvement  of  patients  with  consumptive 
chronic  affections  of  the  lungs,  asthma,  spitting  of  blood, 
rheumatism,  and  dyspepsia.  It  is  a  fact  worthy  of  re- 
mark, that  though  it  is  universally  acknowledged  the 
advanced  stages  of  pulmonary  consumption  are  often 
beyond  the  power  of  medical  skill  to  produce  restoration, 


*  There  are  now  points  in  South  Florida  in  a  tropical  climate, 

where  preparations  are  being  made  for  the  accommodation  of  invalid 

strangers.     The  banks  of  the  Indian  River,  St.  Lucia  Sound,  and 

the  Miami,  possess  advantages  over  any  other  place  in  this  country. 

3* 


SKETCHES    OF    ST.    AUGUSTINE. 


yet  most  of  those  who  resort  to  a  change  of  climate  for 
cure,  reject  the  advantages  to  be  derived  from  the 
removal,  until  the  disease  shall  have  made  such  exten- 
sive ravages  as  to  render  hopeless  every  prospect  of 
renovation. 

"  Many  cases  of  this  nature  I  had  an  opportunity  of  ob- 
serving during  the  last  winter ;  and,  in  some  instances, 
the  patients  seemed  to  have  hastened  from  their  homes 
whilst  the  last  glimmerings  of  life  only  remained. 

"The  benefit  of  the  climate  of  St.  Augustine  will  be 
particularly  evident  in  the  incipient  stages  of  those 
affections,  for  the  cure  of  which  it  has  been  celebrated  ; 
and  those  invalids  who  contemplate  a  removal  thither, 
ought  not  to  allow  the  commencement  of  winter  to  sur- 
prise them  whilst  preparing  for  departure. 

"  The  glowing,  and  even  exaggerated  reports  of  this 
climate,  that  have  been  given  by  some  persons  of  lively 
imagination,  have  occasioned  disappointment  to  a  few 
whose  expectations  had  been  greatly  excited.  Never- 
theless, I  am  persuaded,  generally,  a  residence  there 
during  the  winter  season  will  contribute  much  to  the 
advantage  of  every  stage  of  pulmonary  affections."  Ex- 
tracts from  a  Circular  published  in  Philadelphia,  1830, 
by  James  Cox,  M.  D, 


TEMPERATURE    OF    THE   CITY. 


59 


TEMPERATURE. 


TABLES    OF    THE    COMPARATIVE    AND    ABSOLUTE    TEMPERA- 
TURE   OF    THIS    CITY. 

TABLE  I. 

Exhibiting  a  Comparison  between  the  Mean  Temperature  of  the 
most  favorite  Resorts  for  Health  in  other  Countries  and  that  of 
St.  Augustine — Fahrenheit's  Thermometer. 


MEAN  DIFFERENCE   OF   THE 
SUCCESSIVE    MONTHS. 


Pisa,     . 

Nice, 
Rome, 

Penzance,  Eng., 
Madeira, 


5.75 
4.74 
439 
3.5 
2.41 


St.  Augustine,  Flor.,  3.55 


MEAN   ANNUAL   RANGE. 

Naples,      .         . 
Nice,     .. 
Rome,       .. 
Penzance,      . 
Madeira,  . 

St.  Augustine, 


deg. 
64 
60 
62 
49 
— 
59 


TABLE  II. 

Exhibition  of  the  Mean  Temperature  of  each  Month  at  St.  Augus- 
tine, East  Florida— Years  1825,  1828,  1830. 


January, 

February, 

March, 

April, 

May, 

June, 


deg. 

62.15 
64.97 
66.53 
68.68 
76.44 
81.12 


July,  . 
August,  . 
September, 
October,  . 
November, 
December, 


82.36 
82.68 
77.55 
73.61 
67.47 
61.31 


TABLE  IIL 

Exhibition  of  the  Mean  Annual  Monthly  Range  for  the  same 
Years. 
Annual  range,  59°. 

deg. 

deg. 

January, 

35 

July, 

.     14 

February, 

30 

August, 

12 

March,    . 

25 

September, 

.     14 

April,  . 

31 

October, 

22 

May, 

20 

November, 

.    22 

June, 

17 

December, 

36 

60 


SKETCHES    OF    ST.    AUGUSTINE. 


TABLE  IV. 

TROPICAL  FLORIDA. 

Northern   Limits  of  the   Tropical   Fruit-growing   Region — Fort 
Pierce.  Indian  River  Inlet* 


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52 


ADVANTAGES    OF    ACCOMMODATION.  61 


ADVANTAGES    OF    ACCOMMODATION. 

The  accommodations  for  invalids,  in  this  city,  are 
comparable  with  any  that  can  be  furnished  in  this  region, 
and  will  be  ample. 

There  are  four  public  houses,  two  of  which,  in  regard 
to  style,  convenience,  and  comfort,  will  compare  well 
with  any  like  establishments. 

The  "  Magnolia  House,"  erected  by  B.  E.  Carr,  is  a 
spacious  and  attractive  resort.  Its  style  of  architecture 
is  neat ;  its  grounds  are  laid  out  with  taste  ;  its  location  is 
eligible.  Its  host  was  trained  in  one  of  the  best  establish- 
ments of  the  city  of  New- York,  and  of  course  understands 
well  how  both  to  satisfy  and  please  those  who  make  his 
house  the  home  of  their  sojourn.  The  Magnolia  House, 
though  recently  opened  for  public  accommodation,  it  has 
been  found  necessary  considerably  to  enlarge.  This  work 
its  enterprising  proprietor  is  now  engaged  upon.  It  will 
be  also  modified  so  as  to  suit  the  convenience  and  meet 
the  wants  of  the  public,  by  affording  many  comforts  and 
conveniences  not  generally  attached  to  a  hotel.  Seven- 
teen additional  rooms,  with  a  new  and  spacious  dining 
hall,  are  to  be  added,  which  in  many  respects  will  make 
it  one  of  the  most  desirable  places  of  sojourn  for  families 
and  travelers  in  this  city,  as  well  as  for  invalids. 

The  "  Planters'  Hotel "  is  a  spacious  and  convenient 
public  house,  well  adapted  to  the  accommodation  of  the 
public.  This  large  establishment  is  to  be  opened  the 
ensuing  fall,  under  the  supervision  of  its  present  proprie- 


62  SKETCHES    OF    ST.    AUGUSTINE. 

tor,  Mr.  Loring.  The  "Florida  House,"  on  the  side 
opposite,  is  a  large,  well-kept  establishment,  belonging  to 
Mr.  Cole ;  the  "  City  Hotel,"  under  Mr.  Bridier,  is  also 
open. 

There  are  several  neat  private  residences,  where 
strangers  and  sojourners  can  be  accommodated,  at  rea- 
sonable prices.  The  boarding  establishment  of  Mrs.  Reid 
is  an  attractive  establishment,  capable  of  accommodating 
many  persons,  both  families  and  single. 

The  residence  of  Mrs.  Dr.  Anderson  is  conspicuous  on 
the  avenue  leading  over  the  bridge  near  the  St.  Sebas- 
tian River.  It  is  built  of  the  native  coquina  rock,  and 
was  embosomed  in  a  grove  of  young  orange  trees,  of 
which  the  decaying  stumps  and  sickly  shoots  are  all  that 
remain,  together  with  the  hedge  of_Spanish  bayonet, 
which  inclosed  it.  These  suffice  to  designate  "  Mark- 
land,"  though  shorn  of  its  glory — which  is  partially  sup- 
plied by  a  grove  of  olive  trees  now  in  bearing. 

"  Yallaha"  is  the  neat  cottage  residence  of  P.  B.  Dun- 
nas.  It  is  the  Indian  word  for  orange.  Yallaha  is  situ- 
ated on  the  river  St.  Sebastian,  and  is  distinguished  for 
the  beauty  and  healthfulness  of  its  position,  and  also  for 
the  delicious  strawberries  which  enrich  its  blushing  gar- 
dens in  the  month  of  March. 

It  was  in  orange  times  the  site  of  a  beautiful  and  ex- 
tensive grove  of  trees,  variegated  with  green  foliage  and 
golden  fruit  and  fragrant  blossoms. 

It  is  the  purpose  of  the  proprietor  to  erect  on  his 
grounds  commodious  boarding  establishments. 


RECREATION    AND    AMUSEMENT.  63 


RECREATION    AND    AMUSEMENT. 

This  city  contains  a  small  circle  of  intelligent  and 
cultivated  society.  It  is  not  as  yet  deformed  with  the 
arts  and  moral  conveniences  of  more  fashionable  circles, 
in  the  higher  walks  of  life.  It  needs  not  the  blandish- 
ments— it  dreads  not  the  encroachments  which,  if  tolera- 
ted in  higher  circles,  would  dissipate  the  fictitious  colors 
that  glow  to  deceive  around  fashionable  intercourse.  Its 
very  simplicity  is  at  once  its  greatest  charm  and  surest 
defence  against  impertinent  intrusion.  The  city  affords 
comfortable,  if  not  elegant  homes,  to  the  invalid  sojourner, 
both  in  public  houses  and  private  families,  through  which 
he  will  have  a  more  or  less  direct  connection  with  the 
avenues  to  the  Anglo-American  society.  Excellent 
medical  aid  can  here  be  commanded,  from  resident  mem- 
bers of  the  profession  ;  and  the  institutions  of  religion 
can  be  enjoyed  under  the  several  forms  of  the  Episcopal, 
Presbyterian,  Methodist,  and  Roman  Catholic  churches. 
The  invalid  will  here  find  a  home  in  his  sojourn,  where 
he  will  meet  with  some  of  the  advantages  which  distin- 
guish the  more  cultivated  circles  of  northern  society. 

The  sportsman,  with  his  line  and  gun,  can  satisfy  his 
largest  desires  in  the  way  of  game  and  angling.  The 
boatman  has  a  spacious  harbor  and  the  broad  Atlantic 
open  to  him  for  health  and  pleasure,  though  it  must  be 
confessed  that  good  boats  are  in  great  demand  without  a 
supply. 

The    active,   agile    "  Indian  Pony,"    is    a   luxury  to 


64  SKETCHES    OF    ST.    AUGUSTINE. 

those  who  seek  health  in  horsemanship.  In  the  neigh- 
borhood, on  the  estate  of  Capt.  Hanham,  of  the  ordnance 
department,  are  springs,  which  are  alleged  to  contain 
mineral  waters ;  and  to  which  invalids  sometimes  ride 
in  a  conveyance  the  proprietor  has  had  fitted  up,  and 
runs  for  that  purpose. 

And  then  pleasure  excursions  over  the  beach  are 
frequent.  A  boatman  with  his  crew  are  secured  the 
day  beforehand,  a  party  having  been  made  up  for  such 
an  expedition. 

The  boatman  and  crew  are  usually  negroes.  The 
party  having  provided  themselves  with  a  lunch,  apparatus 
for  making  coffee,  knives  and  forks,  and  other  necessary 
and  useful  articles  for  an  oyster  pic-nic,  embark  in  the 
morning.  They  wend  their  way  across  the  harbor,  de- 
bark, and  arrange  matters  so  as  that,  the  scattered 
fragments  of  the  expedition  shall  be  gathered  at  the 
proper  time  and  place,  to  partake  of  the  refreshments, 
and  then  disperse, — some  for  the  light-house,  and  others 
for  the  quarry — while  the  boat's  crew  are  left  to  collect 
oysters,  and  gather  fuel  for  the  roast  on  the  beach. 

When  the  repast  has  been  finished,  the  party  return, 
loaded  with  specimens  of  rocks  and  natural  history, 
fatigued,  indeed,  but  gratified  and  benefited.  This  ex- 
cursion is  both  pleasant  and  useful ;  and  should  the 
resort  to  this  watering  place  for  health  increase  as  it 
has  been  doing,  there  doubtless  will  be  afforded  greater 
facilities  for  more  extended  and  healthful  water  excur- 
sions :  such  expeditions,  whether  for  shell  or  fish,  in  this 
climate  being  healthful  and  pleasant.  Ordinarily,  ex- 


RECREATION   AND   AMUSEMENT.  65 

I 

posure  does  not  induce  colds,  and  may  be  taken  without 
risk. 

The  moonlight  walks,  are  truly  delightful  beyond 
description.  Those  who  reside  at  the  north,  and  have 
never  beheld,  can  have  no  adequate  conception  of  a 
moonlight  scene  on  the  coast  of  Florida.  A  recent 
writer  thus  speaks  of  it :  "  The  nocturnal  aspect  of  the 
heavens  differs  from  a  northern  one,  in  the  same  manner 
that  two  paintings  may  differ,  the  warmth  and  richness 
of  the  one  contrasting  with  the  coldness  and  poverty  of 
the  other."  It  is  no  unusual  thing  for  ladies  to  appear 
abroad  on  the  public  promenade,  in  their  light,  loose, 
flowing  dresses,  without  shawl  or  bonnet,  with  denuded 
neck  and  arms,  till  near  midnight,  and  not  suffer  the 
least  risk  c  r  inconvenience.  Nature,  in  silence,  ma- 
jesty, and  beauty,  invites  her  children  to  enjoy  her 
moonlight  luxuries.  She  fans  them  with  soft  and  fra- 
grant breezes.  She  allures  them  into  the  open  air,  and 
charms  them  with  the  gorgeous  magnificence  of  the 
nocturnal  scene,  in  which  every  object,  earth,  sea,  and 
sky,  are  made  to  glow  in  rich  and  pure  effulgence. 
Who  can  restrain  himself  from  the  enjoyment  of  health 
and  exercise,  amid  such  attractions?  and  that,  too, 
without  peril  from  evening  dews  and  tainted  atmos- 
phere ? 

The  maiden  and  her  lover,  the  matron  and  her  spouse, 
the  youth  and  children,  alike  participate  in  the  enjoy- 
ment of  these  natural  luxuries ;  and  make  the  welkin 
ring  at  midnight  often,  with  the  merry  peal  of  joy  and 


66  SKETCHES    OF    ST.    AUGUSTINE. 

life,  or  with  the  notes  of  music,  accompanied  with  the 
soft  mellifluous  strains  of  the  guitar  and  viol. 

There  are  various  customs,  relics  of  Popish  supersti- 
tion and  Spanish  practice,  yet  prevalent  in  the  city. 

CARNIVAL. 

Carnival  is  here  observed,  though  not  with  its  ancient 
excess  of  folly.  This  is  a  religious  festival,  observed  in 
Roman  Catholic  countries,  as  a  season  of  feasting,  by 
which  another  religious  festival  called  Lent  is  introduced. 
It  is  usually  celebrated  "  by  feasts,  operas,  balls,  concerts, 
&c."  In  this  city  it  is  celebrated  by  masquerade  dances 
by  night,  idle  and  frivolous  street  sport,  in  processions  of 
vagrant  men  and  boys,  disguised  in  masks  and  grotesque 
array  by  daylight. 

A  most  ridiculous  burlesque  is  exhibited  in  honor  of 
St.  Peter,  the  fisherman  of  Galilee,  by  which  his  pro- 
fessional skill  in  the  use  of  the  net  is  attempted  to  be 
illustrated.  This  is  the  closing  farce  of  the  feast  of  car- 
nival. The  description  of  this,  as  it  passed  under  the 
eye  of  the  author  at  the  very  last  carnival,  may  suffice 
to  give  a  stranger  some  idea  of  its  folly. 

As  I  passed  along  one  of  the  narrow  streets  of  the 
city,  my  attention  was  arrested  by  the  various  exclama- 
tions and  boisterous  cries  of  a  motley  crowd  of  black  and 
white,  who  thronged  the  street,  occasionally  surging  to 
the  right  hand  and  left.* 

I  was  at  first  at  a  loss  to  account  for  it.  On  a  nearer 
approach,  I  perceived  two  half-grown  men  heading  a 


SHERIVAREE.  67 


rabble  of  boys  and  others,  with  the  face  masked  and 
concealed,  and  the  person  attired  in  a  coarse,  shabby 
fisher's  dress.  Over  the  shoulder  of  each  was  flung  a 
common  Spanish  net.  Whenever  a  boy  black  or  white 
came  within  range  of  a  cast,  the  net  was  suddenly 
spread,  and  thrown  over  the  lad's  head  so  as  to  inclose 
his  person.  There  was  seldom  more  than  one  throw  of 
the  net ;  and  if  it  were  not  successful,  it  was  seldom 
repeated  on  the  same  individual.  Thus  the  streets 
were  beset  till  the  farce — the  solemn  farce — in  illustra- 
tion of  the  call  of  Peter  to  become  a  "  fisher  of  men  " 
was  ended. 

SHERIVAREE. 

On  an  evening  after  the  celebration  of  the  nuptials 
of  an  inhabitant  of  the  city,  who  has  been  before  mar- 
ried, and  thus  emerges  from  a  state  of  widowhood,  the 
welkin  is  made  to  ring  with  a  most  discordant  concert 
of  voices,  horns,  tin  pans,  and  other  boisterous  sounds. 
It  is  an  excessively  annoying  exhibition,  to  say  nothing 
of  its  ill-manners,  and  gross  violation  of  the  peace  and 
good  order  of  society.  The  whole  city  is  usually  dis- 
turbed by  such  riot  and  confusion,  as  in  any  orderly 
community  would  consign  the  perpetrators  to  a  guard- 
house, or  prison,  till  they  had  taken  some  practical 
lessons  in  decency.  This  is  what  is  here  termed  Sheri- 
varee.  The  residence  of  the  newly  married  pair  is  beset 
by  the  rabble  in  some  cases,  till  it  is  bought  off  with 
money,  or  whisky. 

There  are  some  other  customs  and  practices  growing 


68  SKETCHES    OF    ST.    AUGUSTINE. 

out  of  the  foreign  extraction  of  the  city,  and  connected 
with  religious  festivals,  and  which  are  the  relics  of  the 
past,  that  are  now  passing  rapidly  away. 

FACILITIES    OF    COMMUNICATION. 

There  are  two  routes,  by  which  invalid  strangers  from 
the  north  may  reach  this  city. 

The  one  is  direct  by  sea,  from  either  Charleston  or 
New-York ;  the  other  is  by  the  inland  steam  and  stage 
route.  The  former  is  occasional ;  the  latter  is  always 
available,  though  there  is  some  prospect  that  a  direct 
communication  will  be  opened,  and  sustained  between 
this  city  and  Charleston  ere  long. 

The  voyage  from  New- York,  by  sailing  or  steam- 
packet,  through  to  Charleston  or  Savannah,  is  the  most 
reliable  and  expeditious.  Twice  a  week,  steamboats 
connect  between  Savannah  and  the  St.  John's  River,  at 
Picolata.  The  distance  from  Picolata  to  St.  Augustine, 
is  over  land,  and  about  eighteen  miles.  This  distance  is 
overcome  by  stage-coach,  and  a  new  and  convenient 
omnibus  the  present  proprietor  of  the  line,  Mr.  Bridier, 
has  just  had  completed  for  that  route.  Passengers  are 
met  by  these  conveyances,  and  usually  reach  St.  Augus- 
tine by  4  o'clock  P.  M.,  and  often  about  noon.  There 
is  an  inland  steam  connection  between  Charleston,  S.  C., 
and  Savannah,  Ga.,  with  which  the  Florida  boats  con- 
nect twice  in  a  week. 

The  most  expeditious  and  economical  route  to  Florida 
is  that  by  which  the  traveler  takes  passage  direct  from 
New- York  to  Savannah,  where  he  will  be  received  by 


FACILITIES    OF    COMMUNICATION.  69 

the  steamer,  with  his  baggage,  and  brought  into  Florida 
and  landed  within  eighteen  miles  of  St.  Augustine ;  the 
distance  to  which,  from  Savannah,  is  218  miles. 

The  passage  from  Savannah,  especially  over  the  wa- 
ters of  the  noble  river  of  the  St.  John's,  is  pleasant  and 
instructive.  The  lover  of  nature — the  curious  stranger 
— may  each  be  gratified.  In  passing  along  this  route, 
the  traveler  will  get  a  "  bird's-eye  view  "  of  a  conside- 
rable portion  of  the  southern  country,  on  the  seaboard. 
The  plantations — marshes — and  peculiar  varieties  of 
trees,  among  which  the  noted  cabbage-tree  will  be  con- 
spicuous—creeks— inlets — and  the  various  specimens'of 
natural  history — the  alligator — and  peculiar  species  of 
water-fowl  met  with — and  the  various  contrasts  between 
northern  and  southern  habits,  as  presented  in  agricultu- 
ral life — will  be  novelties,  more  or  less  interesting 
and  instructive  to  the  curious  traveler.  Many  preju- 
dices will  be  dissipated — many  errors  will  be  corrected 
— many  contrasts  will  be  presented. 


FINIS. 


153    Broadway,    NEW    YORK.  142  Strand,  LOXDON. 

Of  lata  firm  of  WII.XT  *  POTJTAM. 


New  Works  in  Press, 
Or    recently    published,  by 

GEORGE    P,    PUTNAM, 

155  Broadway,  New  York. 

G.  P.  PUTNAM  has  the  pleasure  of  announcing  that,  agreeably  to  his  contract  with  the 
distinguished  author,  he  has  now  in  the  course  of  publication 

A  new,  uniform,  and  complete  edition 
or  THE 

Works    of   Washington    Irving, 

Revised   and   enlarged    by   the   Author, 

In  Twelve  Elegant  Duodecimo  Volumet, 
Beautifully  printed  with  new  type,  and  on  superior  paper,  made  expressly  for  the  purpose. 

The  first  volume  of  the  Series  will  be 

The    Sketch-Book, 

complete  in  one  volume, 

which  will  be  ready  on  the  first  day  of  September. 

Knickerbocker's   History    of    New    York., 

with  revisions  and   copious   additions, 
will  be  published  on  the  1st  of  October. 

The    Life    and   Voyages  of  Columbus, 

Vol.  I.  on  the  1st  of  November, 

and  the  succeeding  volumes  will  be  issued  on  the  first  day  of  each  month  until  com- 
pleted ; — as  follows : 
The  Sketch-Book,  in  one  volume.      t  The    Crayon    Miscellany,  in  one 


Knickerbocker's  New  York,  in  one 

volume. 

Tales  of  a  Traveller,  in  one  volume. 
Sracebridge  Hall,  in  one  volume. 
The  Conquest  of  Grenada,  in  one 

volume. 

The  Alhambra,  in  one  volume. 
The  Spanish  Legends,  in  one  vol. 


vol.  —  Abbotsford,  JVewstead, 
The  Prairies,  £fc. 

Life  and  Voyages  of  Columbia, 
and  The  Companions  of  Co- 
lumbus, 2  vols. 

Adventures  of  Captain  Bonnevillc, 
one  vol. 

Astoria,  one  volume. 


The    Illustrated    Sketch-Book. 

In  October  will  be  published, 

The    Sketch. Book. 
BY    WASHINGTON    IRVING. 

One  volume,  square  octavo. 

Illustrated  with  a  series  of  highly-finished  Engravings  on  wood,  from  Designs  by  Dartey 
and  others,  engraved  in  the  beat  style  by  Childs,  Herrick,  &c.  This  edition  will  be  printed 
on  paper  of  the  finest  quality,  similar  in  size  and  style  t<>  the  new  edition  of  ••  Hallcck'* 
Poems."  It  is  intended  that  the  illustrations  shall  be  superior  to  any  engravings  on  wood 
yet  produced  in  this  country,  and  thnt  ihe  mechanical  execution  of  the  volume,  altogether, 
shall  he  worthy  of  the  author's  reputation.  It  will  form  an  elegant  and  appropriate  gift- 
book  for  all  seasons. 


New   Works  published  by — 


The    Illustrated    Knickerbocker, 

With  a  series  of  Original  Designs,  in  one  vol.,  octavo,  is  also  in  preparation. 

Mr.  Putnam  has  also  the  honor  to  announce  that  he  will  publish  at  intervals  (in  con- 
Mxion,  and  uniform  with  the  other  collected  writings), 

Mr.  Irving' s  New  Works, 

now  nearly  ready  for  the  press:  including 

The   Life   of  Mohammed ;     The   Life  of    Washington ;     new 
volumes  of  Miscellanies,  Biographies,  &c. 

*f*This  being  the  first  uniform  nnd  complete  edition  of  Mr.  Irvmg's  works,  eilher  in  this 
country  or  In  Europe,  the  publisher  confidently  believes  that  the  undertaking  will  meet 
with  a  prompt  and  cordial  response.  To  say  this,  is  perhnps  superfluous  and  impertinent'; 
for  it  is  a  truism  that  no  American  book-case  (not  to  say  library)  can  be  well  filled  without 
the  works  of  Washington  Irving ;  while  the  English  language  itself  comprises  no  purer 
models  of  composition. 

G.  P.  Putnam  has  also  made  arrangements  for  the  early  commencement  of  new  work? 
or  new  editions  of  the  works  of 

Miss  C.  M.  Sedgewick,  Prof.  Jl.  Gray,  Leigh  Hunt, 

Chas.  Fenno  Hoffman,    Mrs  E.  Oakes  Smith,  Thomas  Carlyle, 

George  H.  Calvert,         Mrs.  C.  M.  Kirkland,  R  Monckton  Milnes, 

J.  Bayard  Taylor,  Mary  Howitt,  Mrs.  Jameson, 

8.  Wells  Williams,         W.  M.  Thackeray,  Charles  Lamb, 

A.  J.  Downing,  Thos.  Hood,  Elliot  Warburton. 

The  following  new  works  are  now  ready,  or  will  be  published  this  season  : 

I. 

Sophisms    of    the   Protective    Policy, 

Translated  from  the  French  of  F.  Bastiat.  With  an  introduction  by  Francis  Lieber.  LI,.D. 
Professor  in  South  Carolina  College,  Editor  of  the  Encyclopaedia  Americana,  &c.  12mo.  75 
cents. 

"  It  is  a  book  not  for  the  million  but  for  millions,  and  we  believe  if  a  copy  could  be  put 
into  the  hands  of  every  school-boy  in  the  Union,  the  next  generation  would  be  inconceiv- 
ably wiser,  richer,  and  happier  than  the  present." — Mirror. 

II. 

Grecian    and    Roman    Mythology: 

With  original  illustrations.  Adapted  for  the  use  of  Universities  and  High  Schools,  and  for 
popular  reading.  By  M.  A.  Dwight.  With  an  introduction  by  Tayler  Lewis,  Professor  of 
Greek,  University  of  New  York.  !2mo.  (On  1st  .September.) 

Also  »  fine  edition  in  octavo,  with  illustrations. 

%*  This  work  has  been  prepared  with  great  care,  illustrated  with  20  effective  outline 
drawings,  and  is  designed  to  treat  the  subject  in  an  original,  comprehensive,  and  unex- 
ceptionable manner,  so  as  to  fill  the  place  as  a  text  book  which  is  yet  misapplied  ;  while 
it  will  also  be  an  attractive  and  readable  table  book  for  general  use.  It  will  be  at  once 
introduced  as  a  text  book  in  the  University  of  New  York  and  other  colleges  and  schools 

III. 

Eureka:    a    Prose    Poem. 

Or  the  Physical  and  Metaphysical  Universe. 

By  Edgar  A.  Poe,  Esq.      Handsomely  printed,  12mo.  Cloth,  75  cents. 
"A  most  extraordinary  Essay.    We  shall   be  greatly  surprised  if  this  work  does  not 
create  a  moat  profound  sensation  among  the  literary  and  scientific  classes."— JWio   York 
Kxprett. 

IV. 

Oriental    Life    Illustrated. 

Being  a  new  edition  of  Eothen,  or  Traces  of  Travel  in  the  East.    With  fine  illustration* 
on  Steel.     Uuio.  elegantly  bound,  $1  50. 


— Cr.  P.  Putnam,  155  Broadway,  New  York.  3 

*»*This  new  and  unique  volume,  superbly  illuminated  by  Mapleson,  and  comprising 
original  articles  by  distinguished  writers,  will  be  the  most  elegant  and  recherche  book  of 
i  he  kind  ever  produced  in  this  country.  It  will  be  ready  in  October. 

A  new  and  superior  edition  of  the  PEARLS  OF  AMERICAN  POETRY  will  also  te 
published  this  season. 

V. 

Book  of 

In  an  elegant  small  folio  volume. 

Lays     of    the     Western     World. 

VI. 

Dr.    Klipstein's    Anglo-Saxon  Course   of  Study. 

In  uniform  12mo.  volumes, 
i. 

A  Grammar  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  Language.  By  Louis  F.  KHpstein,  AA.  LL.M.  and 
PH.D.,  of  the  University  of  Giessen. 

*»*This  work  recommends  itself  particularly  to  the  attention  of  every  American 
student  who  "  glories  in  his  A  glo-Saxon  descent "  or  Teutonic  lineage,  as  weM  as  of  all 
who  desire  an  acquaintance  wi  h  a  language  which  lies  as  the  foundation  of  the  English, 
and  throws  a  light  upon  its  elements  and  structure,  derivable  from  no  other  source  Of 
«he  importance  and  interesting  nature  of  the  study  there  can  be  no  doubt,  and  we  agree 
with  those  who  think  that  the  time  is  coming  when  it  will  he  considered  "  utterly  disgrace- 
ful for  any  well-bred  Englishman  or  American  "  to  have  neglected  it.  With  regard  to  the 
merits  of  Dr.  Klipstein's  Grammar,  we  will  only  say,  tha'  it  has  been  already  adopted  a* 
a  text-book  in  some  of  the  leading  Institutions  of  our  country. 
[The  following  are  also  in  press.] 

H. 

Ar.alecta  Anelo-Saxonica,  with  an  Introductory  Ethnographical  Essay, Copious  Notes,  Cri- 
tical and  Explanatory,  and  a  Glossary  in  which  are  shown  the  Indo-Gerinanic  and  other 
Affinities  of  the  Language.  By  the  same. 

In  this  work  appear  the  fruits  of  considerable  research,  and,  we  may  add,  learning. 
The  Ethnology  of  Europe  is  succinctly,  but  clearly  illustrated,  the  Anglo-Saxon  language 
completely  analysed,  revealing  the  utmost  harmony  of  combination  from  its  elements,  its 
forms  and  roots  compared  with  those  in  kindred  dialects  and  cognate  tongues,  its  po-ition 
in  the  Teutonic  family  and  Indo-Germanic  range  established,  and  the  genuine  relation  of  the 
English  to  its  great  parent  properly  set  forth.  To  those  who  are  fond  of  the  comparative 
study  of  language,  the  Glossary  will  prove  an  invaluable  aid,  apart  from  its  particular 
object. 

in. 

Natale  Sancti  Gregorii  Papa.— jElfric's  Homily  on  the  Birth-day  of  St.  Gregory,  and  Col- 
lateral Extracts  from  King  Alfred's  version  of  Urdu's  Ecclesiastical  History  and  the 
Saxon  Chronicle,  with  a  full  rendering  into  English,  Notes  Critical  and  Explanatory, 
and  an  Index  of  Words.  By  the  same. 

IV. 

Extracts  from  the  Anglo  Saxon-Gospels,  a  Portion  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  Paraphrase  of  th« 
Book  of  Psalms,  and  other  Selections  of  a  Sacrrd  Order  in  the  same  Language,  with  a 
Translation  into  English,  and  Noles  Critical  and  Explanatory.    By  the  name. 
These  two  works  are  prepired  in  such  a  way  as  in  themselves,  with  the  aid  of  the 

Grammar  .to  afford  every  facility  to  the  Anglo-Saxon  Student.    ^Elfric's  Homily  is  remark* 

We  for  beauty  of -composition,  and  interesting  as  setting  forth  Augustine's  Mission  to  th« 

"  Land  of  the  Angles." 

v. 

Tha  Halgan  Godspel  on  Englisc— the  Anglo-Saxon  Version  of  the  Holy  Gospels.  Edited 
by  Benj  imin  Thorpe,  F.S.A.  Reprinted  by  the  same.  JVozo  ready. 

This,  the  earliest  •  English  "  version  of  the  Four  Gospels,  will  be  found  interesting  to 
the  an'tqunrtan  and  theologian,  as  we'l  as  serviceable  to  the  student  in  his  investigations 
of  the  language.  The  Text,  besides  the  usual  but  unbroken  division,  appears,  with  the 
Rubrics,  as  read  in  the  early  Anglican  Church. 

Nearly  Ready. 

Dr.    Boswortli's   Compendious    Anglo-Saxon    Dic- 
tionary.    Small  8vo. 


New  Works  published  by — 


vn. 
Study    of    Modern    Languages. 

Part  First ;  French,  Italian,  Spanish,  Portuguese,  German,  and  English. 

By  L.  F.  Klipstein,  A  A.  LL.M.  and  Ph.  D.    One  Vol.  Imperial  8vo. 

75  cents  paper ;  $1  00  cloth. 

This  work,  which  is  intended  equally  for  the  simultaneous  and  the  separate  study  of  the 
languages  that  it  sets  forth,  and  which  is  adapted  as  well  for  the  native  of  Germany, 
France,  Italy,  Spain,  or  Portugal,  as  for  him  to  whom  English  is  vernacular,  in  the  acquire- 
ment of  any  one  of  the  other  tongues  besides  his  own,  will  be  found  an  acceptable  manual 
not  only  to  the  tyro,  but  to  the  more  advanced  scholar.  The  reading  portion  of  the  matter 
IB  interesting,  and  the  text  in  every  cnse  remarkably  correct,  while  the  Elementary  Phrases, 
forms  of  Cards,  Letters,  Bills  of  Exchange,  Promissory  Notes,  Receipts,  &c.,  in  the  six 
languages,  constitute  what  has  long  been  a  desideratum  from  the  America  i  press.  For 
»he  comparative  study  of  the  Romanic  tongues  the  work  affords  unusual  facilities. 

VIII. 

Pedestrian     Tour    in    Europe. 

Views  a-Foot;   or  Europe  seen  with  Knapsack  and  Staff. 

By  J.  Bayard  Taylor. 

A  new  edition  with  an  additional  chapter,  and  a  sketch  of  the  author  in  pedestrian  cos- 
tume, from  a  drawing  by  T.  Buchanan  Read.  12mo.  Cloth. 

IX. 

A  New  Edition  of 

Clarke's    Shakspeare    Concordance. 

A  Complete  Concordance  to  Shakspeare :  being  a  Verbal  Index  to  ALL  the  PASSAGES 
in  the  Dramatic  Works  of  the  Poet.    By  Mrs.  Cowden  Clarke. 
"  Order  gave  each  thing  view.'1 

One  large  Vol.  comprising  2560  closely  printed  columns, — (indicating  every  word  and 
fattage  in  Shakspeare's  Works).  Price  $6.  Cloth. 

"The  result  of  sixteen  years  of  untiring  labor.  The  different  editions  of  Shakspeare 
have  been  carefully  collated  by  the  compiler,  and  every  possible  means  taken  to  insure 
t*>e  errr-'tness  of  the  work.  As  it  now  stands,  a  person  can  find  a  particular  passage  in 
8n«Rspeare  by  simply  remembering  one  word  of  it,  nnd  is  also  referred  to  the  act  and  seen* 
of  the  play  in  which  it  occurs.  As  a  mere  dictionary  of  Shak»pearian  language  and 
phrases,  it  is  of  great  value  ;  but  it  is  also  a  dictionary  of  his  thoughts  and  imaginations. 
It  altogether  supersedes  the  volumes  of  Twiss  and  Ayscough,  and  should  be  on  every 
•Indent's  shelves  " — Boston  Courier.  . 

*,*  This  extraordinary  work  is  printed  in  London  and  the  price  there  at  present  is 
X2.  5s.  Od.  or  about  $12  A  large  part  of  the  edition  having  been  purchased  for  this  market, 
it  is  furnished  here  for  the  very  low  price  of  $6,  bound  in  cloth. 

Also — By  same  Author. 

The    Book    of    Shakspeare    Proverbs. 

ISrao.    75  eta. 


Dr.  Lieber's  Poetical  Address  to  the  American  Republic. 

IGmo.  25  cents. 

The   West: 

A     Metrical     Epistle. 
BY    FRANCIS    LIBBER. 

*,*  Dr.  Lieber,  the  distinguished  Professor  of  Political  Economy  in  South  Carolina  Col- 
lege, Author  of  "Political  Eihics,"  &c..  has  jn.-t  sailed  for  his  naiive  country — Germany — 
with  the  view  of  aiding  in  the  great  cause  of  Constitutional  and  Rational  Freedom.  This 
ttttle  volume  proves  that  he  has  well  studied  that  sukj'JCt  <;tirh:g  his  long  residence  in  this 
hi*  adopted  country — and  his  able  and  valuable  opinions  on  American  Society  and  Progress, 
carry  with  them  a  peculiar  interest  at  this  time. 


-Gr.  P.  Putnam,  155  Broadway,  New  York, 


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This  work  will  contain  numerous  nnd  valuable  illustrations,  including  two  perspective 
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Bastiat. — Sophisms  of  the  Protective  Policy.     Translated  from 

the  French  of  F.  Bastiat.  With  an  Introduction,  by  Francis  Lieber,  LL.D.,  Professor 
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Chaucer  and  Spenser. — Selections  from  the   Poetical  Works  of 

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The  design  is : 

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Coleridge. — Biographia  Literaria ;   or,  Biographical  Sketches  of 

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8 


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Irving. — Works  of  Washington  Irving  ;    Revised  and  Enlarged 

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As  follows : — 


The  Sketch-Book,  in  one  volume. 
Knickerbocker's  New  York,  in  one 

volume. 

Tales  of  a  Traveller,  in  one  vol. 
Bract -1  ridge  Hall,  in  one  volume. 
The  Co  iquest  of  Grenada,  in  one 

volume. 

The  Athambra,  in  one  volume. 
Astoria,  in  one  volume. 

(Now  pu 


The  Crayon  Miscellany,  in  one 
volume.  Abbotsford,  Newstead, 
The  Prairies,  &c. 

The  Spanish  Legends,  in  one  vol. 

The  Life  and  Voyages  of  Columbus, 
and  The  Companions  of  Colum- 
bus, in  two  volumes. 

Adventures  of  Capt.  Bonneville,  in 

one  volume, 
blishing.) 


Irving. — The  Sketch-Book.     By  Washington  Irving.     Complete 

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Irving. — The  Illustrated  Sketch-Book.     By  Washington  Irving. 

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Irving. — Knickerbocker's  History  of  New  York.  By  Washing- 
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October. 

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Irving. — The  Life  and  Voyages  of  Columbus.     By  Washington 

Irving.    Vol.  I.  on  the  1st  of  November. 
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in. 

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